tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-89581362935613009402024-02-07T17:09:13.647-08:00Today is another postA website that talks about everything: travel, computer tutorials, psychology, curiosity, and more.Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comBlogger115125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-8201763894196392512017-05-15T02:01:00.001-07:002017-05-15T02:01:25.592-07:00London Day Trip WalkingSaturday I did a new thing, a <b>day trip to London</b>.<br />I know it's not the first time I visit a European capital in one day thanks to a low-cost flight, but it's the first time I do it without spending a euro, or rather without spending a pound :)<br /><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRmydAlj-7hO5xOT65S0fmCQK0mC4ecvBFsIlqLrDrTa9h0OxlXhUMqBRcOidQ457zqg442v4-0et1811eNef-hNYtsTYAuprkBK8pg_blsCg0fPGG93lMm-Aqb9kchHmiFbFrShH01ivq/s1600/20170513_152751.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Londra gita in giornata a piedi" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRmydAlj-7hO5xOT65S0fmCQK0mC4ecvBFsIlqLrDrTa9h0OxlXhUMqBRcOidQ457zqg442v4-0et1811eNef-hNYtsTYAuprkBK8pg_blsCg0fPGG93lMm-Aqb9kchHmiFbFrShH01ivq/s320/20170513_152751.jpg" title="Londra gita in giornata a piedi" width="320" /></a></div>
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<h3>
London in one day, walking without using public transport</h3>
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As usual, the necessary premise: one day just is not enough to see a big city like London, but we say that with a good step and with a good organization, you can see the main things, especially if you decide to move even with public transport.<br /><br />In my case however, <a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.com/2016/11/london-2014.html" target="_blank">I had already been in London</a>, so I decided to devote myself to what I had not been able to see the first time - the British Museum.<br /><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEOpd7tEALJSrf8jHT7q95Z5S3n8qXoW4FY7pMM4yyRIkfFAnGcmlN4QRypTVExVPx1e9Ne8jDQRu3HZ2PYqWXGGR4sqZK0oJWmyLVuCXE06HsIGgrx_rBmGvi7l9nrB7sqqu8DXdNuVBO/s1600/20170513_105758.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="British Museum" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEOpd7tEALJSrf8jHT7q95Z5S3n8qXoW4FY7pMM4yyRIkfFAnGcmlN4QRypTVExVPx1e9Ne8jDQRu3HZ2PYqWXGGR4sqZK0oJWmyLVuCXE06HsIGgrx_rBmGvi7l9nrB7sqqu8DXdNuVBO/s320/20170513_105758.jpg" title="British Museum" width="320" /></a></div>
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The primary purpose of this day trip to London was therefore to see the British Museum, then all that would come out would be well accepted.<br />But let's go for the order, the flight.<br /><br />Looking for the internet, not even a week before, I found an unbeatable offer to fly to London in the day, with a good time at 8am and a return flight at 6pm.<br />Of course, it was not the nearest airport where I would land, it was Stansted airport, but in the end, with a good train, in about 40 minutes you're in town.<br />So I got the Stansed Express, the equivalent of our Malpensa Express, but it's definitely much cheaper (about 30 euros if you do not book it much sooner).<br /><br />But we come to the London speech on foot in one day.<br />Because you will walk to you, there was already little time left.<br />True, but having spent a fair amount of euros for moving from airports to the city (so much so that it has reached the cost of the plane), I said, "If I change the money it ends I'll drop another 50 euros in fluency" .<br />From there my decision to book all the trips from Italy, to bring me food, and to travel on foot, without spending a penny then :)<br />I could also take the daily card of the car from Italy, but it would never arrive in time, so here I am here to walk London on foot.<br /><br />According to the logbook, I would arrive by train at Liverpool Street Station, which, looking at google maps, did not seem so far away from my destination.<br />So I decided to get to the British Museum on foot, so much during the hour (45 minutes actually) walking, I would have seen and mostly photographed so many things, making an itinerary that I probably skipped last time.<br />After arriving at the museum, having first studied the 10 things not to miss the British Museum, I started the visit, bouncing from room to room.<br /><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAcjsrZ_4PTD6XJY5ne7491sz2JPVuX1gzPVFkfYqjha_bXeUX7Kc1_V8YevxIHd2jjQCjmZ0vhGJpphqdIbtgzupyM2N0_h07h2gNyyrFd7fTfbqbCktfziONsuq5BYEILzPtZKcTkaLk/s1600/20170513_110819.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Stele di Rosetta" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAcjsrZ_4PTD6XJY5ne7491sz2JPVuX1gzPVFkfYqjha_bXeUX7Kc1_V8YevxIHd2jjQCjmZ0vhGJpphqdIbtgzupyM2N0_h07h2gNyyrFd7fTfbqbCktfziONsuq5BYEILzPtZKcTkaLk/s320/20170513_110819.jpg" title="Stele di Rosetta" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg53GUO-Ui-zmZRN6HtxBpywudA4i9yxvStlW2zvAwWBhvFsjd1OIaCXsG5Gr4edk-1-X39Us3r_pT2i4Rqh4kksF-R_4gcweRWkgMW8GaN6xrWT7eBtoAjrXfcpwASjDeaQcjziYuihdAU/s1600/20170513_111441.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Monumento delle Nereidi" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg53GUO-Ui-zmZRN6HtxBpywudA4i9yxvStlW2zvAwWBhvFsjd1OIaCXsG5Gr4edk-1-X39Us3r_pT2i4Rqh4kksF-R_4gcweRWkgMW8GaN6xrWT7eBtoAjrXfcpwASjDeaQcjziYuihdAU/s320/20170513_111441.jpg" title="Monumento delle Nereidi" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfv_s7dsDXpQ1F9E6ferQU-ci6QYVqDtQLW0za17BsUMgQirpEtYntZEsUHVZdZ-rUiC2ZaFXJ7_xgzhaQvXxCV7Nx8WlnTk6ONVblh1H6wLcaNZ4teJkF72tVzZueP0QgScOvbrB0lc-U/s1600/20170513_114235.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="La mummia Ginger" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfv_s7dsDXpQ1F9E6ferQU-ci6QYVqDtQLW0za17BsUMgQirpEtYntZEsUHVZdZ-rUiC2ZaFXJ7_xgzhaQvXxCV7Nx8WlnTk6ONVblh1H6wLcaNZ4teJkF72tVzZueP0QgScOvbrB0lc-U/s320/20170513_114235.jpg" title="La mummia Ginger" width="320" /></a></div>
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I do not know if I've seen it all, maybe some room has escaped (I've been a couple of oats, I'm not one who reads all the insignia: p), but I was very pleased with my visit.<br /><br />A small note about the British Museum: it's one of the largest history museums in the world and it's free ... a beautiful moral slap for some of our museums, which in comparison are microscopic and discreetly dear ones (eg 900's Museum) .<br /><br />Anyway, after the museum, a little break in a park for lunch at the bag, and I'm ready to take a nice walk around the city.<br />Initially, I had thought of going to see the famous Binario 9 3/4 (Platform 9 3/4), where Harry Potter and his mage friends teletrasportano, then I remembered not to be a fan of the saga: p<br />More than that because I had to go to the opposite side of all the other attractions.<br />Then, walking along the streets of London, I noticed that the Potter is almost a national hero from these parts, so I'm a little sorry.<br /><br />
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Another attraction that I skipped is Little Venice, a London area comparable to our <a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.com/2016/10/venice.html" target="_blank">Venice</a>, and a bit even in <a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.com/2016/11/amsterdam-2014-netherlands.html" target="_blank">Amsterdam</a>.<br />However, having seen them both, and always for the talk that was on the opposite side of where I wanted to go, I jumped it reluctantly.<br />But then I did it again, with a walk lasting until about 16, where I saw many things in London, some already seen before, other unpublished (eg the Chinatown ceremony for the Buddha's birthday anniversary, and a ' Isolated musical parade with a lot of military).<br /><br />
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Of course, I'm also a bit off the Thames, admiring the Big Ben, the Westminster Abbey, the London Eye, St Paul Cathedral, the Shard, some parks, the London beach, and getting to admire the Tower Bridge.<br />
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In the end, exhausted after a day in London on foot, I went back to take the shuttle-train to the airport, and returned to Italy.<br /><br />What about this yet another low-cost experience?<br />First of all it was a nice exception, for two reasons.<br />The first was to find the flight at a very low price without much notice (usually I move a few months earlier), the second was the choice not to change money, and to make a day trip at no cost (if you exclude Travel to and from the city).<br /><br />In all this walking, I obviously also shot some nice videos, which I added to last year's playlist, viewable at this address:<a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCBrso9WwkFYlTz1ejdFtG65ORx2C3KiA" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCBrso9WwkFYlTz1ejdFtG65ORx2C3KiA</a><br />
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<b>London</b> is a beautiful city, certainly to be deepened in its details, but if you are not a fanatic of museums, and you like to move independently, without staying locked in a place, then such a tour has its own why.<br />In my opinion, there are also many trips to London (if they cost just as much in this case).<br />It's true, for a taste of the major attractions just one day (if you exclude those a little out of the way), especially if you travel with the metro, but London has so many things to look into, so if you like the taste, Then you will definitely want to go back, just like you did to me.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://goo.gl/photos/JqJ1qHZUZUApbmKGA" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">>> London 2017 photos <<</a></h3>
Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comLondra, Regno Unito51.5073509 -0.1277582999999822351.1912379 -0.77320529999998222 51.8234639 0.51768870000001777tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-3518069011104975432017-05-03T10:30:00.001-07:002017-05-03T10:30:30.154-07:00Going to live in the Philippines: Pros and ConsThe network is full of articles that encourage Italians to go abroad.<br />If you are a frequent social networking user, you will definitely be stuck at least once in articles titled "Here are the countries where you can live with 300 euros a month."<br /><br />Being also one of the many who dreams of fleeing from Italy, for some time I have started to study some of the most popular places for those looking for dream beaches and a good climate.<br />In this article I will speak to you about the <b>Philippines</b>.<br /><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf6J7j7Kp5pk8uxJIh8RlLzEzxgXGYgpdllRKt6n4u716StesBkOMVhNdomxXw34dv4LZVCSReRGBJyGC3qzsEAfGmLVDS0xd3ubp0WkUq1809zDVAFoTqayZxXISZgnFavc_cJMnK11Zx/s1600/bandiera-filippine.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Andare a vivere nelle Filippine: Pro e Contro" border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf6J7j7Kp5pk8uxJIh8RlLzEzxgXGYgpdllRKt6n4u716StesBkOMVhNdomxXw34dv4LZVCSReRGBJyGC3qzsEAfGmLVDS0xd3ubp0WkUq1809zDVAFoTqayZxXISZgnFavc_cJMnK11Zx/s320/bandiera-filippine.gif" title="Andare a vivere nelle Filippine: Pro e Contro" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br />Why go to live in the Philippines?</h3>
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The <b>Philippines</b> is a Southeast Asian state located in the Pacific Ocean.<br />The Philippine Archipelago consists of 7,107 islands distributed in three main regions: Luzon to the North, Visayas in the center and Mindanao to the South.<br /><br />
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What attracts thousands of tourists each year in the Philippines is <b>the beauty of their beaches</b>.<br />The Philippines, in fact, offers those who take the trouble of having more than 10 hours of air travel to visit them, beaches that have nothing to envy to those of the Caribbean, with the difference that the Philippines are a low-cost location.<br />For the lovers of the sea, unspoiled nature, snorkeling and diving, the Philippines are a must-see destination.<br />If you want to get an idea of their beauty, <a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.com/2016/10/philippines-2014-palawan.html" target="_blank">read this post on my trip to the Philippines</a>.<br /><br />Given the beauty of the Philippines, it's easy to understand why a person, enthusiastic about their vacation, can think of giving up everything and moving there.<br /><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2Jn_YGM_8Jw/VoQcUQEOe_I/AAAAAAAAVAA/qbRjzDyup8U/s1600/P8294663.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Andare a vivere nelle Filippine spiaggia" border="0" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2Jn_YGM_8Jw/VoQcUQEOe_I/AAAAAAAAVAA/qbRjzDyup8U/s320/P8294663.jpg" title="Andare a vivere nelle Filippine spiaggia" width="320" /></a></div>
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If I have to be honest, even at first I had a thought, even before I went to visit them as a tourist.<br />I had discovered the Philippines looking for google places where it costs less to live, ending up on those infamous articles where only the beautiful things of a place tell you.<br />Enchanted by beautiful photos and promises of savings, I started to document me, I planned the trip, I went, I came back, I searched for land sales ads on the internet, and when I found out that with the money selling my current Home I could buy a whole resort in the Philippines, I started fantasizing ...<br /><br />But then I've documented it better, I've done a lot of online searches, I've been enrolled in groups from Italians living in the Philippines ... and I understand that it's not all gold that glitters!<br /><br />
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<h3>
Do you really live with 300 euros a month in the Philippines?</h3>
<u><br />The answer is no</u>!<br />Anyone who claims the opposite is forgetting to specify some details not just recently.<br />Yes, if you want, you could live in a remote, non-touristy little village, in a hut, cultivating a land and buying only local products, and so you could really live with little ... but honestly, who would do it?<br />Filipinos live with little because they have little! Not everyone obviously.<br />The average monthly salary of a Filipino is only a few hundred euros, if it's fine.<br />It is no coincidence that Filipinos who come to work in Italy, with the money they send home, have a whole family.<br />I'm talking about people living in villages with few services. Do you really want to live that way? Yes? Even wanting you can not! Or rather, you can but it is complicated to implement (later I explain better why).<br />Great cities like Manila, where there is every kind of comfort and there are skyscrapers that we in Italy dream about, are perhaps even more concerned with Milan.<br /><br />Pulling the sums, <u>no one gives you anything</u>, if you want to live with little, you have little.<br />If you want the services, pay them and cost almost like in Italy (if not more in certain areas), if you do not want them, it is a great risk considering the area you are in (read the pros and cons that I have Written below to better understand).<br />If one has to live almost in misery, then perhaps it is better to stay in Italy, going to live in some villages where life costs a little less.<br />
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</h3>
<h3>
How to move to the Philippines</h3>
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To move to the Philippines is not enough to take the plane and leave.<br />I will briefly explain the chances you have to go to live in the Philippines.<br /><br /><u>Attention, all the information below is indicative and subject to change</u> (if not inaccurate at startup: p), before making any decision on the internet for official sources.<br /><br />First, if you do not have a fixed job / activity / rent and want to stay a little longer to study a little better the country, you will need a longer visa than the tourist one, which can be kind of 6 months if I do not remember (And of course you pay).<br />This visa can be renewed from time to time, with the obligation to leave the country every 3 years.<br /><br />If you are retired instead, you can stay in the Philippines with a resident's visa, leaving a certain amount in a Filipino bank as a deposit, and making them pay your pension every month.<br />If you do not have a pension, the amount to be paid will be a bit higher.<br />After 10 years of permanent residence, you may also be able to apply for Filipino citizenship.<br /><br />So on a level seen, if you have some money aside, being able to stay on the Filipino ground is a feasible thing and not too complicated.<br /><br />Well, now that you understand how to stay in the Philippines, you just have to buy a home ... Alt! The real difficulties are coming now!<br /><br />
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<h3>
Buy a home in the Philippines</h3>
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To buy home and land in the Philippines is not enough to have the money!<br />The Filipinos, probably to protect their country, have created special laws to prevent rich foreigners from acquiring all their lands (my personal hypothesis about the existence of these hateful laws).<br /><br />First of all, the ground: if you want to buy land in the Philippines ... you can not!<br />Or rather, you can not if you are not Filipino.<br />But if you have a Filipino wife who you trust, you can put everything to her and you're affiliated ... but if you're litigating? Beware ... following the online groups I've read all about stories about scams and strangers scared by women or their families (although this actually seems to me much more in Thailand).<br /><br />Another opportunity to buy land or open a business in the Philippines is to create a Filipino majority corporation with a minimum of 3 Philippine partners and a share capital of at least 4000 Euros (add approximately 1,000 Euro for its opening).<br />In this society you will be the president, with full decision-making powers, and you can then name the ground and everything else on behalf of the corporation, and thus actually circumvent the limit of not having land in the Philippines.<br />Okay ... but willing to find Filipino partners to trust ... it goes without saying that if you do not trust trusted risk of ending a victim of some scam.<br /><br />There is then the possibility of renting the land for about 25 years (paying a decent nest).<br />In my opinion however, this solution is fine as long as you are young and shiny.<br />However, when you begin to lose strikes and maybe you are alone, at the end of the contract it may not be so easy to deal with the bureaucratic part ... maybe in the meantime the laws have also changed, or perhaps for some reason they no longer want to give that Land ... always remember that you are in a foreign land and your rights may not be guaranteed as it would happen in your country of origin.<br />Not to mention that if a child may want to leave everything inherited to them, so if they are Filipino one day they may be able to buy the land you have now rented, if they are Italian they will have to do them all the trafila ...<br />I will be old, or maybe I will only be possessive, but for my future I would like to live in a place all my own, not renting :)<br /><br />Another solution is to go to rent or buy a house in a condo where there is a majority of Philippine condos / owners.<br />This is very simple in the cities, a little less if you want to live in a chalet.<br />You should look for some residential complex and then say goodbye to the idea of the lost and cheap cottage in the middle of nothing :)<br />However, by pulling out the sums, the more residential condo solution with deposit, would be the easiest option to implement, and perhaps even the one at less risk of scam.<br /><br />There is another problem in the Philippines, of which the famous articles "all about it" do not talk to you ... <u>corruption</u>!<br />As I read, Italy in comparison with the Philippines is a country full of honest people :)<br />I've read about scams, scams, blackmails, where for example they get you started, but then you block them and they do not give you permission if you do not give up so many good soldiers.<br /><br />But the scams that can be made through corruption are of another kind and can hit you in the daily life.<br />For example, a scam I've been told is that of some girls who are before us, and then they denounce you by finding some bruises on them (maybe made by their true boyfriends).<br />And there are serious problems, especially if I do not really care who gives you a loophole underneath ... so I can even tow in some countries!<br /><br />With this obviously I do not want to discourage you, there are several Italians who have managed to live in the Philippines and are now more or less happy.<br />Even if it is true I understand that most of them have already started with a Filipino wife from Italy ... if you are alone and you do not know anyone is much harder and you have to be careful not to bother!<br /><br />
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<span class="short_text" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span>Working in the Philippines</span></span></h3>
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I also add this paragraph to make you notice another thing:<br /><u>In the Philippines, foreigners can not do all kinds of work</u>.<br />There are in fact some foreigners' jobs, such as, if I remember (google for security), sell things.<br />I guess, however, if one looks for a job as an entrepreneur, a way to open his shop can also find it, but it always falls into the issues mentioned above.<br />If you are looking for an employee job and you can find what you can do even if you are a foreigner ... well, the Filipino paychecks are really miserable!<br />Different is the story if you live in the Philippines working for a foreign multinational that pays you well ... then you start thinking;)<br /><br />
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<h3>
Pros and cons of going to live in the Philippines</h3>
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While some pros and cons are subjective, below I will list a list of reasons that may encourage or discourage anyone who thinks about leaving everything to live in the Philippines.<br />
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<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Pros</b></span><br />
<ul>
<li><b>Beaches, sea and uncontaminated nature</b><br />If you are looking for unspoiled nature and postcard beaches, in the Philippines your expectations will not be disappointed.<br />Several areas of the Philippines are also famous for snorkeling and scuba diving</li>
<li><b>Cost of living</b><br />Overall certainly lower than in Italy, as long as you do not decide to live in metropolis or in very touristy places</li>
<li><b>Language</b><br />A good news, most Filipinos speak English!</li>
<li><b>Religion</b><br />About 90% of Filipinos are Catholics.<br />This obviously does not guarantee a behavior to give the other cheek, but we say it is a cultural meeting point with our officially secular country</li>
<li><b>Health care</b><br />I put it as a pro if you live in town and if you have insurance, because it seems to be very high</li>
<li><b>Climate</b><br />Tropical climate where you do not really have the cold and you can bathe in the ocean at any time of the year.</li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: red;"><b>Cons</b></span><br />
<ul>
<li><b>Difficulties in buying house and land</b> <br />Read the paragraph above</li>
<li><b>Delinquency and Weapons</b><br />In large urban centers there is a bit of delinquency and you have to be careful where you go.<br />However, I have read that some small villages have been afflicted with this problem, where police might be a problem because of corruption ...<br />Let us also point out that in the Philippines anyone can buy a weapon, and the situation may start to look a bit worrisome</li>
<li><b>Different culture</b><br />There are some profound differences with our culture, as well as their way of doing and behaving.<br />According to those who live there, with the Filipinos it takes a lot of patience!</li>
<li><b>Culture absent</b><br />This may seem an offense for Filipinos, but if we compare Filipino to Italian culture ...<br />However, if you do not mind visiting museums, exhibitions and ancient architectural jewels (though in their small there are also them) ... in short this is a counter degustibus</li>
<li><b>Health care</b><br />I also put it in between for two reasons: the first is that you have to do health insurance if you do not care (if you do not have the money to pay), the second is that if you imagine living in the Philippines to stay Away from the city, in a quiet seaside ... maybe in those cases will have at least one outpatient clinic nearby, but in case of serious problems, now that the helicopter arrives and takes you to the hospital City ... bye bye</li>
<li><b>Poverty</b><br />Never underestimate the fact that it could be a problem to move to a relatively poor place.<br />First of all, unlike going to live in places like the Canaries, where you can easily camouflage among the many non-natives and no one will ever say anything, in a place like the Philippines you could always be seen as the rich alien (and maybe To be pushed).<br />In my opinion, the more a place is poor and the less life can be ... of the kind that can kill you for nothing ... but even without thinking of it as a pessimist, if you are considered rich, it will nevertheless be higher the possibility that someone may Knock on your door in search of something (money), who are the relatives of your Filipino wife or neighbors in your remote village</li>
<li><b>Corruption</b><br />As explained above, corruption in the Philippines is a big problem!</li>
<li><b>Climate</b><br />The climate is a strong point but also a weak point in the Philippines.<br />Being subject to the rainy season, there may be times of the year with uninterrupted rain, and yes one suffers ... but the really serious thing is that every year the typhoons arrive in the Philippines.<br />Mostly typhoons affect only certain areas, so if one studies well before moving, it slightly reduces the risk, but this is not always the case, and there have been cases like for Haiyan, where most of the Philippines have suffered serious damage There have been many victims.<br />It is true that most of the victims are poor people who can not afford robust homes, but considering the fact that with the rise of global temperature the climate is getting worse and there are also those who say that in future events such as typhoon Haiyan Can happen more often ... in short, the climate factor is not to be overlooked!</li>
<li><b>Religious and rebellious minorities</b><br />Like other countries in Southeast Asia, the Philippines have some problems with some armed rebels in some parts of the country.<br />In addition, there is an Islamic minority in the south, which attacks from time to time.<br />If you are careful where you go, there is no risk in theory, but let's say that having two issues in my country is not reassuring to me.<br />Let us also add that in some areas, even tourist-like Palawan, in the past have raped foreigners to ask for a ransom, and that this thing has happened recently in another area to an Italian restaurateur ...</li>
<li><b>Diseases</b><br />Even though it is part of the health system talk, it should be noted that in some areas of the Philippines there are still malaria and dengue diseases ... so be careful where you go.</li>
<li><b>Unspoilt nature</b><br />Nice to see, but not for everyone.<br />If you are afraid of spiders and snakes, maybe the Philippines will not do it for you</li>
<li><b>Distance from your country</b><br />If you are tired of your country, so much distance will seem just a good thing to you.<br />But if for some reason you have to return often, or even just occasionally, to your homeland (to go to your relatives or for other reasons), it's a great journey ... both as time and as cost!<br />Maybe when you decide to take the big step do not think about it or you do not have a chance to come back often ... but if you are forced to change the plans, it may be a great problem for your pockets.</li>
</ul>
<br />
It's all, <u>I hope I did not have you too discouraged</u> :)<br />As I said before, this is just my subjective assessment, matured after collecting some information on the internet and having seen some things in person.<br /><br />For me the <b>Philippines are still a beautiful country</b>, which one day I would definitely visit again ... but as a tourist :)<br /><br />Maybe whoever made the big step and did it was more motivated than me ... or simply more courageous :)Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comFilippine12.879721 121.77401699999996-2.8285595000000008 101.11971999999996 28.5880015 142.42831399999994tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-54894009326343369862017-05-02T11:03:00.003-07:002017-05-02T11:13:08.613-07:00Genetics (8/8): DNA and genomic technologyMost of the methods used to clone DNA fragments have some common features, for example there is a method that uses bacteria and their plasmids.<br />
Plasmids are small molecules of circular DNA that replicate within bacterial cells, regardless of the bacterial chromosome.<br />
In order to clone genes or fragments of DNA isolate the bacterial plasmids, insert an extraneous gene inside the plasmid and finally reenter it into the bacterial cell where it is reproduced by forming a cell clone that also contains the foreign gene and this bacterial clone It will produce the protein encoded by the foreign gene.<br />
Cloning can be used to obtain protein products for research or mass production of specific genes.<br />
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Restriction enzymes are enzymes that cut DNA molecules on a limited number of specific regions.<br />
Restriction enzymes protect bacteria from foreign DNA and work by cutting this DNA through a process known as restriction.<br />
Most of these enzymes are highly specific, and the bacterial cell protects its DNA from restriction by the addition of methyl groups (-CH3) within sequences recognized by restriction enzymes.<br />
The recognition sequence is referred to as a restriction site, these sites are usually symmetrical and have the same sequence 5 '-> 3' consisting of 4 or 8 nucleotides, recognizable on both filaments but oriented in opposite directions.<br />
Restriction enzymes cut the bonds on both filaments, and since these sequences are usually present in the DNA multiple times, the same enzyme can perform more cuts.<br />
When subjected to the action of a given enzyme, copies of a DNA molecule always generate the same set of restriction fragments, so a restriction enzyme cuts a DNA molecule in a reproducible way.<br />
In the product fragments there is at least a short single strand end region, said adhesive end, which will temporarily collide with few hydrogen bonds on the single strand of the other DNA molecules cut with the same enzyme, and these couplings can be stabilized with the enzyme DNA ligase, which holds the filaments together, catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds.<br />
It has recombinant DNA, that is, a molecule obtained from the union of DNA from two different sources.<br />
<br />
The original plasmid is called a cloning vector and is a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA inside the cell and replicate it.<br />
<br />
<b>The cloning in a bacterial plasmid</b><br />
There are 5 steps for cloning a gene:<br />
<ol>
<li>Isolation of the vector and DNA of the gene to be cloned</li>
<li>Insertion of DNA into the vector: By the restriction enzyme, foreign DNA and plasmid DNA are cut off and the various fragments will melt together thanks to the adhesive ends, which will then be ligated by DNA ligase with covalent bonds.</li>
<li>Introducing the cloning vector into the cells: in some cases through the process of transformation.</li>
<li>Cell cloning</li>
<li>Identification of clones: hybridization can be used following the probe labeled with radioactive isotopes that will bind to the filaments of the desired gene, then use DNA denaturation to separate the 2 filaments.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<b>Cloning for eukaryotes in prokaryotes</b><br />
An expression vector is a cloning vector that contains the procariotic promoter necessary to obtain a cloned eukaryotic gene that functions in a prokaryotic system.<br />
Complementary DNA (cDNA) is that DNA that is produced by reverse transcriptase of eukaryotic mRNA to subclude the incompatibility of eukaryotic DNA (full of introns) with that of procariotic target.<br />
Artificial yeast chromosomes (YACs) are vectors that combine the essential characteristics of the eukaryotic chromosome with foreign DNA.<br />
Electroporation occurs when an electrical impulse is applied to the cell-containing solution by which a hole is formed in the cytoplasmic membrane from which DNA enters the cell.<br />
Eucariotic cloned gene expression is used because eukaryotic cells because many proteins are not modified after translation do not work, and prokaryotes can not modify them.<br />
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The genomic library is the set of recombined plasmids, each of which contains a particular segment of the initial genome (there is also the cDNA library).<br />
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique by which any piece of DNA can be quickly copied several times without the use of cells.<br />
The DNA is incubated in a test tube in the presence of polymerase, nucleotides and short filaments of single-stranded synthetic DNA, and PCR thus allows to generate billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA in a few hours in a 3-cycle cycle , Where there is no need to start from a pure sample, but a small amount of DNA involved, however, PCR commits several occasional errors and therefore can not replace cloning when it takes many copies.<br />
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<br />
<h3>
DNA and genomic analysis</h3>
<br />
Genomics are concerned with the analysis of whole genome sequences so that they can be used as a starting point for the study of various gene sets and their interactions.<br />
Gel electrophoresis is a technique that allows the separation of macromolecules based on their size, electrical charge or other physical properties, it separates the macromolecules based on their migration speed on a gel placed within a field electric.<br />
The electrophoresis divides a mixture of DNA molecules into bands, each of which is made up of DNA moleocles of the same length.<br />
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Restriction fragment analysis indirectly detects sequence differences between DNA molecules by electrophoresis on gel.<br />
Many molecules can be identified by observing their frameworks of restriction fragments, which can be retrieved in order to obtain pure samples.<br />
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The southern blotting technique can be used to compare the DNA of different subjects.<br />
This technique is based on the nucleic acid hybridization, and the results may show both the presence of a particular sequence in a DNA sample, but also the restriction fragments that contain that sequence.<br />
First, restriction fragments (DNA + restriction enzyme) are prepared, then the mixture of restriction fragments of each sample is separated by electrophoresis, then blotting is used, by means of an alkaline solution the individual DNA strands remain attached to the paper, Banded, there is hybridization with the radioactive probe and finally autoradiography allows to detect the DNA bands that appear with the probe.<br />
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Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) are differences in DNA sequences of homologous chromosomes, which give rise to different types of restriction fragments.<br />
The RFLP can be used as a genetic marker of a particular locus of the genome.<br />
RFLPs are identified and studied by southern blotting, and since RFLPs are Mendelian inherited, they can be used as genetic markers to construct association maps, and the frequency with which two RFLPs are inherited together is a measure of proximity Of the 2 loci on a chromosome.<br />
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In 1980, biologist David Botstein stated that DNA variations observed in RFLP could be used as a basis for detailed mapping of the human genome.<br />
In 1990, however, the human genome project began to map the entire human genome through the determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of DNA of each chromosome, a project developed in 3 phases:<br />
<ol>
<li>Genetic Mapping: The construction of a map of association of the many thousands of genetic markers present in the chromosomes, and relying only on the microsatellite, the researchers completed a human genetic mapping with about 5000 markers.</li>
<li>Physical mapping: The distances between the markers are expressed by a physical measure (usually with the number of nucleotides), and the DNA of each chromosome is cut into a number of identifiable restriction fragments (cloned) by determining the actual order Fragments in the chromosome.<br />The overlapping fragments are identified by probes using the chrmosome walking method.<br />The scientists determine the order of the long fragments and then cut each of them into smaller pieces that are cloned and sorted.</li>
<li>DNA Sequencing: It is the complete nucleotide sequence of a genome that starts from the ordered DNA fragments, whose nucleotide sequence can be determined by the use of a sequencer.<br />The rapid sequencing technique marks the DNA and is synthesized by the use of special nucleotides ending the chain and by the heprophoresis on high resolution gel.</li>
</ol>
<br />
In 1992, biologist Craig Venter proposed an alternative approach to the sequencing of whole genomes, proposing to skip the first two mapping phases and to go directly to sequencing through the use of powerful computers.<br />
The human genome is in the process of being completed, but some interesting things have been discovered, such as the fact that the human genome is 85% equal to that of the mouse.<br />
<br />
To facilitate research, the DNA sequences already analyzed are collected in electronic databases reachable by researchers around the world.<br />
Among the various discoveries made, there is one that the human genome contains only a few genes, about 30000-40000, only 2-3 times higher than those of the fruit fly, and that solved a very small portion of human DNA is represented by genes , The remainder consists of repetitive DNA and long introns.<br />
In addition, the comparison of genomic sequences fully confirms evolutionary links even among very distant organisms.<br />
A typical human gene usually has at least 2 or 3 different polypeptides, using different combinations of exons.<br />
<br />
<b>Study of gene expression</b><br />
Genome study is important for both knowing new genes and understanding how they evolve, and to understand how genes act together to create and function an organism.<br />
By using the DNA microarray technique, small amounts of numerous single-stranded DNA fragments representing distinct genes are fixed on a slide and hybridized with different dye-labeled cDNA samples.<br />
This technique serves to identify new genes, understand how they interact and how they work, and this technique is also used to compare cancerous tissues with healthy tissues.<br />
<br />
<b>Determine the functioning of the genes</b><br />
To understand how a gene works, sometimes it disables and looks at differences in the body, a method is that of in vitro mutagenesis, a technique that introduces specific changes in the sequence of a cloned gene, mutations that can block the function of Protein product when it is reinserted into the cell.<br />
With RNA interference (RNAi), genes expression is stopped by using double-stranded synthetic RNA molecules that correspond to the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the destruction of the gene-matching messenger RNA.<br />
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Proteomics is the systematic study of the whole set of proteins encoded by the genome.<br />
The number of proins is much higher than that of genes, due to alternative splicing and post-translational modifications.<br />
Bioinformatics is the application of computer science and mathematics to genetics and other fields of biology.<br />
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are variations of single genome-based pairs that are the cause of our genomic diversity, small diversity compared to other species.<br />
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<br />
<h3>
Practical applications of DNA technology</h3>
<br />
Scientists can diagnose hundreds of human genetic disorders by engaging DNA technology through human genome study to identify disease mutations.<br />
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Gene therapy is the alteration of the genes of an individual suffering from some disease.<br />
Cells should receive a normal allele and duplicate, however, this method has for now little success because of the brevity of the functioning of these genes.<br />
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Thanks to DNA technology, various pharmaceutical products, mainly protein, have been created, for example, insulin and growth hormone (hGH) and the tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) have been produced that helps prevent the heart attack.<br />
The flaw of these products is that they are very expensive.<br />
Another example of genetic product is the vaccine is an innocuous variant or a derivative of a pathogen that stimulates the immune system to fight the pathogen.<br />
The vaccines are of 2 types: inactivated virulent viral particles and attenuated viral strain active virus particles.<br />
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DNA testing is also used in the legal field as it may lead to the identification of a criminal offense, through RFLP analysis by Southern blotting that requires fewer amounts of blood or other tissue.<br />
DNA fingerprint, DNA fingerprint, is a specific profile of bands that can be used in the legal field, and it is recently produced using variations in the length of the satellite DNA instead of RFLPs, since these simple tandem repeats (STR ) Vary from person to person and are considered reliable.<br />
The higher the number of DNA markers tested in a sample and the more the fingerprint of an individual is unique.<br />
PCR is useful when DNA is of low quality or in small quantities.<br />
Legal DNA examinations focus only on 5 small genome regions, which are known to have high variability among people, so that the possibility of having the same fingerprint is 1/100000 and 1 / a billion, depending on the Markers compared to the frequency of these markers within the population.<br />
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Another use is the environmental one, where, for example, some bacterial strains have been developed that can degrade the compounds released during oil spills at sea.<br />
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DNA technology is also used in agriculture to produce more resistant bacteria and insects, and produce more protein / vitamins.<br />
Transgenic organisms are those organisms whose genes contain genes of other species, for example a sheep that produces better wool can be produced or a generic transgenic animal can be used as a drug factory.<br />
The transgenic animal is generated by picking the egg cells from the receiving animal, cloning the gene from the donor animal, and implanting the egg with the gene into the recipient, which will make a transgenic offspring.<br />
Plants are used because plant cells are easily manipulated and because it would be less expensive to produce human proteins and vaccines through plants than through classical cloning, and this is made possible because some plants are able to generate completely from a single cell.<br />
The vector used to introduce new genes into plant cells is the plasmid Ti.<br />
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Because of various ethical issues, scientists have developed several self-control rules to prevent accidents with mutant genes that could be very dangerous by creating laboratories with very advanced security systems and generating experimental genes that can not live out of the lab.<br />
On genetically modified organisms (organisms that have acquired one or more artificial genes) a lot has been discussed to decide whether it is ethically correct to alter nature, but its utility in fields such as agriculture or the food field is undisputed ( Animals), and some countries have decided to adopt a trademark to indicate GMOs when they are sold.<br />
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To avoid the spread of manipulated genes, researchers are also able to create them in a way that can not be transmitted, and to avoid the various risks of genetic technology, the United States has set up various control bodies, such as the Food and Drug Administration, National Institute of Health and the Department of Agriculture.<br />
DNA technology is an important discovery, but it must be carried out with great care and caution.<br />
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<h3>
<a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.com/2017/05/genetics-genome-in-eukaryotes.html"><< Previous lesson</a></h3>
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<h3>
<a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.com/p/genetics.html">Back to the list of lessons</a></h3>
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Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-39476316174089280232017-05-02T10:51:00.003-07:002017-05-02T11:12:46.355-07:00Genetics (7/8): The genome in the eukaryotes<b>Chromatin</b> is formed by DNA wrapped on histones (nucleosomes) and non-histone proteins.<br />
Chromatin changes many times during the cell cycle.<br />
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Eucariotic chromosomes contain a lot of DNA in their size, each chromosome being made up of a single double helix of DNA that contains about 2 * 108 pairs of bases in the man, if the DNA molecule is stretched it would be about 6 cm long.<br />
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Histones are responsible for the first level of DNA packing, the amount of histones in the chromatin is about equal to the amount of DNA.<br />
Histones possess amino acids with a positive charge which is why they bind to DNA that has a negative charge.<br />
The complex DNA-logs represent the basic structure of chromatin, and in the eukaryotes there are 5 types of histones very similar to each other.<br />
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Unplugged chromatin resembles a pearl necklace, where each pearl constitutes the nucleosome, the basic packaging unit of DNA.<br />
The nucleosome consists of DNA wrapped around a protein core in which there are 2 molecules of each of the 4 different histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4), while the fifth H1 histone molecule binds to the pearl close to the chromatin Assumes the next level of packing.<br />
Histones temporarily abandon the DNA during replication and remain united to it during transcription.<br />
Nucleosomes by modifying their shape and position allow polymerases that synthesize RNA to move along the DNA.<br />
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Thanks to the H1 helmet, the pearl necklace can wind tightly to form a fiber of about 30 nm known as chromatin fiber 30 nm.<br />
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The 30nm chromatin fiber forms in turn the loops called loop domains acting as chromosomal scaffolds made up of non-histone proteins.<br />
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The trap domains are wrapped and folded further to form the characteristic chromosome.<br />
If the chromatin that forms part of the chromosome is very condensed, so that it can be seen from the optical microscope, it is called etherochromatin, while the least compact one is called eucromatine.<br />
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<h3>
The genome organization at the DNA level</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
Genes are only a small part of the genome in most pluricellular eukaryotic organisms, while repetitive DNA and other non-coding sequences represent most of the eukaryotic genome (97%), unlike prokaryotes, where most DNA Genome encodes proteins, and the nucleotide sequence encoding a prokaryotic gene proceeds from start to finish without interruption.<br />
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Repetitive DNA consists of nucleotide sequences present in multiple copies in the genome, usually not within the genes.<br />
In mammals about 10-15% of the genome consists of repetitive tandem DNA (or satellite DNA), short sequences repeated in series (eg GTTACGTTACGTTAC ...), repetitions usually not longer than 10 pairs of bases, with densities Often different from that of the rest of the DNA.<br />
Satellite DNA is classified into 3 types depending on the total length in each site: regular satellite DNA (100000-10milion bases), minisatellite DNA (100-100000 bases), DNA microsatellite (10-100 bases).<br />
Much of the satellite DNA is located in centromers and telomers, suggesting that it must be implicated in structural roles and because of its position it serves to protect the chromosome from degradation or disruption that would cause the loss of coding genes, in addition tandem repetitive DNA Can stretch over several generations.<br />
The repetitive repetitive DNA is that DNA in which repeated units are not close to each other, but dispersed in the genome.<br />
The repetitive repetitive DNA represents about 25-40% of the genome in most mammals (and they are almost all transposon sequences) and in humans there are similar sequences of this DNA called Alu elements, the only repetitive DNA encoding.<br />
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A set of identical or very similar genes is called a multigenerational family, and these families can be considered as repetitive DNA consisting of repeated units / genes.<br />
Multigenic families made up of identical genes usually produce RNA.<br />
Probably the family of genes originated from a single gene due to errors during duplication of DNA.<br />
Pseudogenes have sequences very similar to normal genes but do not generate functional products.<br />
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Except for rare mutations, the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA remains constant throughout its life, and when mutations in somatic cells occur, they are not transmitted to the offspring since they are not genes of gametes.<br />
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In some cases, the number of genes may temporarily increase, and the selective replication of certain genes, called genetic amplification, is a powerful means of increasing gene expression, and this can be done depending on the need to produce, for example, more Ribosome to use at the moment and then degrade.<br />
<br />
The genomic recurrence has the remainder of long stretches of DNA that cause amplification or loss of genes.<br />
All organisms possess transposons (10% in the human genome), DNA traits that are able to move within the genome, and when a transposon jumps into a coding gene, it can block it.<br />
Retrotrasposons are transposable elements that move into the genome by means of intermediate RNA, a transcript of DNA retrotrasposone, where, for insertion into another site, this RNA must be reconverted by reverse transcriptase.<br />
Alu elements are retrotrasposons that do not encode reverse transcriptase but may move using encoding enzymes from other retrograde genomes.<br />
The permanent reorganization of DNA portions occurs in the immune system developing during cell differentiation, and this is important for the efficacy of antibodies or immunoglobulins.<br />
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<h3>
Control of gene expression</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
Each cell of a multi-celled eukaryotic organism expresses only a small part of its genes, moreover, cells of an organism must continually turn on or turn off certain genes in response to signals coming from the internal or external environment.<br />
Gene expression is also controlled over the long term by cell differentiation, the process where cells, through shape and function changes, specialize during the development of an organism.<br />
<br />
Chromatin serves both to pack the DNA in a compact form so that it is in the cell nucleus, either to regulate the physical state of the DNA of a gene or adjacent region, important for determining the availability of the transcription gene , Which is also influenced by the location of the gene itself.<br />
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DNA methylation involves the addition of methyl groups (-CH3) to the DNA bases after it has been synthesized, and this would seem to be a feature of inactivity of the genes, so that if they are demethylated, they reactivate.<br />
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Histamine acetylation involves the addition of acetyl groups (-COCH3) to certain amino acid of histone proteins, and when the histones are acetylated, they change to form less closely to DNA so that the transcription proteins have a Facilitated access to acetylated genes.<br />
<br />
<b>The transcription</b><br />
The beginning of transcription is the most important and most commonly used control point of gene expression.<br />
Control elements are non-coding DNA segments that help regulate the transcription of a gene by binding certain proteins, transcription factors.<br />
Transcription factors are essential for the transcription of all protein-encoding genes, and only one of these factors recognizes a DNA sequence, the TATA box within the promoter, the others recognizing proteins.<br />
Only when the assembly of the starting complex is completed, polymerase can begin coding.<br />
Control elements increase the efficiency of promoters through the binding of additional transcription factors.<br />
The control elements far from the promoter are called intensifiers, which can be thousands of nucleotides away.<br />
The activator is a transcription factor that binds to an intensifying element stimulating the transcription of a gene (similarly silencers exist).<br />
Direct transcription control depends largely on regulatory proteins that bind selectively to DNA and other proteins, and hence a transcription factor usually has a domain of DNA binding and one for proteins.<br />
The control elements contain sequences consisting of 4 to 10 nucleotide pairs.<br />
The operon genes are sequentially transcribed in a single mRNA molecule and are then translated together.<br />
The co-ordinated expression of eukaryotic genes depends on the association of a specific control element or set, with each single gene of the dispersed group.<br />
In principle, genes that have the same control elements are triggered by the same chemical signals.<br />
<b><br />Post-transcriptional mechanisms</b><br />
A cell can quickly regulate gene expression in response to environmental changes, without the alteration of the transcription.<br />
Alternative splicing of the RNA occurs when different molecules of mRNAs are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are considered exons or introns.<br />
The phases of gene expression that can be adjusted are:<br />
<ol>
<li>Adjustment of mRNA degradation: mRNAs in eukaryotes live from a few hours to a few weeks, its degradation begins with the enzymatic shortening of the poly (A) tail and this favors the removal of the cap at 5 ', digesting l MRNA from nucleases.</li>
<li>Translation Control: Most control mechanisms block the initiation phase of polypeptide synthesis when ribosomal subunits and start tRNA bind to an mRNA.<br />The translation of specific mRNAs can be blocked by regulatory proteins that prevent the ribosome attack.</li>
<li>Maturation and degradation of proteins: Eucaryotic polypeptides often need to be modified to produce functional protein molecules, and regulation may take place at any of the stages of protein modification or transport.</li>
</ol>
Incorrect targeting of a protein may for example cause serious consequences such as cystic fibrosis.<br />
Proteasomes are large protein complexes that recognize some of the proteins previously labeled and degrade because they are no longer needed for the cell.<br />
<br />
<h3>
Molecular cancer biology</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
Many of the mutations that cause cancer are caused by environmental influences (eg x-rays) that cause problems in regulating cell growth and division.<br />
The genes that cause cancer are oncogenes.<br />
Normal cellular genes, called proto-oncogens, encode proteins by stimulating normal growth and cell division.<br />
The oncogene derives from a genetic modification leading to an increase in the amount of proto-oncogene or the growth of the activity of each protein molecule, the genetic changes that transform the proto to oncogenes are of 3 types: Inside the genome (a proto-oncogene may be close to a site that is particularly active due to chromosome breakdown, and thus increases gene transcription), amplification of a proto-oncogene (determines the increase in the number of copies of the gene in the Cell), point mutation of a proto-oncogene (modifies the protein product of the gene by producing a newer active or degradable protein).<br />
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Cancer suppressor genes are those carcinogenic genes that inhibit cell division, some repair damaged DNA, others control cell adhesion to an extracellular matrix or between them, others inhibit the cell cycle.<br />
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The product of the ras gene is a G protein that stimulates the cell cycle, and when it is produced by the ras proto-oncogene, it also activates in the absence of the growth factor.<br />
The p53 gene works by transcription for several genes, such as p21 stopping the cell cycle, pending the activation of genes for DNA repair.<br />
Apoptosis occurs when p53 activates suicidal genes that cause cell death when DNA damage is irreparable.<br />
If the p53 gene is defective or absent, cancer can occur, that is, when the DNA is duplicated even if it is defective.<br />
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To produce all the characteristic changes of a tumor cell, many somatic mutations are usually needed, so the risk of cancer increases with age, because longer we live and it is more likely that it will develop due to ' Accumulation of all possible mutations.<br />
Because a cell becomes tumorous, at least about half a dozen DNA variations must occur.<br />
As mutant suppressor alleles are usually recessive, mutations must lead to the loss of both alleles in the cell genome to stop tumor suppression.<br />
Most oncogenes behave as dominant alleles.<br />
In many malignant tumors telomerase is activated, the enzyme that exposes the erosion of the extremities of the chromosome, making the tumor cell immortal.<br />
Viruses seem to play an important role in at least 15% of cancer cases in the world, they contribute to the development of cancer by integrating their genetic material into the DNA of the infected cells.<br />
<br />
<h3>
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Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-78098710239023439152017-05-02T10:44:00.003-07:002017-05-02T11:14:22.950-07:00Genetics (6/8): From the gene to the proteinIn 1909, British physician Garrod first suggested that genes determine the phenotype through the action of enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions in the cell, claiming that the symptoms of a hereditary illness result from the inability of an individual to produce a certain enzyme.<br />
Another decisive proof of the hypothesis that a gene produces a specific enzyme, given by Beadle and Tatum with their studies on the mold of bread.<br />
<br />
Not all proteins are enzymes, so it is fair to say that a gene is a polypeptide.<br />
<br />
The genes contain the instructions for the construction of the proteins, but DNA does not produce them directly, which deals with RNA, which is chemically similar to DNA with the difference that contains ribose instead of thymine, is also constituted Almost always from a single filament.<br />
In DNA or RNA, monomers are the four types of nucleotides that stand out for their nitrogen bases, and genes are usually made up of hundreds or thousands of nucleotides, each with a specific base sequence.<br />
Nucleic acids and proteins contain information written in different chemical languages.<br />
To pass DNA from the protein to the protein, two steps are required:<br />
<ol>
<li>Transcription: This is the synthesis of RNA directed by DNA, where information is simply transcribed with the same language from one molecule to another.</li>
<li>A DNA strand serves as a mold for the construction of a sequence of RNA nucleotides, which is a faithful transcript of gene expression instructions for the synthesis of a protein, and this RNA is referred to as RNA messenger (mRNA).</li>
</ol>
Translation: It is the synthesis of a polypeptide under the guidance of the mRNA, where a change of language occurs and this translation occurs in ribosomes.<br />
<br />
Transcription takes place in the nucleus and the mRNA is transferred to the cytoplasm where ribosome translation occurs.<br />
Prior to abandoning the nucleus, the mRNA undergoes modifications before it becomes functional, in 2 stages, the pre-mRNA stage and finally the primary transcript (the final mRNA).<br />
So recapitulating: DNA -> RNA -> protein.<br />
<br />
There are only 4 nucleotides to specify 20 amino acids, but it has been found that the gene flow information to the protein is based on a triplet code, where genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain are written in the DNA in the form of a series of Words consisting of 3 nucleotides (thanks to which there are 64 possible coding units more than sufficient for each of the 20 amino acids).<br />
During the transcription, the gene determines the triplet sequence within an mRNA molecule, where for each gene only one of the two DNA filaments is transcribed, and this takes the name of mold filament.<br />
An mRNA molecule is not identical to its complementary filament where U (corresponding to T of DNA) pairs with A and C with G.<br />
The nucleotide trunks of the mRNA are referred to as codons, which are read in the 5 'to 3' direction along the mRNA, and each codon indicates which of the 20 amino acids will be incorporated into the corresponding position of a polypeptide.<br />
All 64 codons were decoded around the mid-1960s and it was found that each codon has specific functions or specific proteins, for example the AUG codon has a dual function, encodes the aminoacid methionine and the starting signal to the encoding process (Start codon), in addition, in an mRNA filament, the remaining 3 codons do not encode amino acids, but are stop translation signals (termination codons).<br />
The genetic code is reminiscent but not ambiguous.<br />
By summing up: genetic information is coded in the form of a sequence of triplet bases (codons) that do not overlap and each of which during protein synthesis is translated into a specific amino acid.<br />
The genetic code is almost universal, with the exception of some translation systems where codons differ from normal ones, but this almost universal language has to have been functioning since the early stages of life history.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
Synthesis and maturation of the RNA</h3>
<br />
RNA polymerase is an enzyme that separates the two DNA filaments and binds RNA nucleotides together, this enzyme can only add nucleotides at the 3 'end of the growing polymer so that the RNA stretches in the direction 5' -> 3 '.<br />
The sequence of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to the initiation of transcription is called the promoter, the sequence ending the term is called the terminator.<br />
The promoter sequence is upstream of the terminator, and the portion of DNA that is transcribed in RNA is called a transcript unit.<br />
Eukaryotes possess 3 types of RNA polymerases (I, II, III) and the one used for the synthesis of mRNA is II.<br />
The promoter indicates which of the 2 filaments of DNA is used as a mold, and in the eukaryotes a group of proteins said transcription factors mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the beginning of transcription.<br />
Polymerase RNA may bind to the promoter only after some transcription factors are bound to it, and when both are related, it is said to be the beginning complex of the transcription.<br />
Another crucial sequence of DNA promoter is the TATA box.<br />
Once the polymerase is bound to the promoter DNA, the 2 filaments of DNA are performed and the enzyme begins to transcribe the mold filament.<br />
The elongation is occurring while the RNA polymerase moves along the DNA by continuing to twist the double helix, adding nucleotides at the 3 'end of the growing RNA, the double helix of DNA regenerates and the new RNA molecule stops From his mold.<br />
In the eukaryotes, the transcription rate is 60 nucleotides per second.<br />
A single gene can be transcribed simultaneously by several RNA polymerase sequences that follow, and this increases the amount of transcribed mRNA.<br />
Termination: Transcription proceeds until the polymerase RNA transcripts the sequence of a DNA terminator stopping hundreds of nucleotides after the AAUAAA signal of the pre-mRNA and at a distance of 10 to 35 nucleotides downstream of AAUAAA the pre- MRNA is cut, releasing from the enzyme.<br />
The cutting site is also the site for the binding of a poly (A) tail.<br />
<br />
Each end of a pre-mRNA molecule is modified, end 5 'is covered with a modified guanine, called the 5' cap which serves to protect the mRNA from degradation and is a signal of attachment to cytoplasmic ribosomes.<br />
End 3 'is bound by a poly (A) queue that prevents RNA degradation and is also implicated in ribosome attack, and also seems to facilitate the export of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.<br />
<br />
RNA splicing allows to remove a large portion of the initially present RNA molecule (in the eukaryotes initially it is 8000 nucleotides, when enough is 1200).<br />
Most eukaryotic and RNA genes possess long non-coding nucleotide sequences that are not translated.<br />
The non-coding nucleic acid portions that lie between the coding regions are called introns, the other regions that are usually translated are called exons.<br />
RNA polymerase transcribes DNA introns and exons, but introns are removed by splicing mRNA.<br />
Splicing is done by short nucleotide sequences at the ends of snRNP introns, consisting of proteins and RNAs (snRNAs).<br />
By joining the proteins they form the spliceosome, which interacts with the splicing sites by cutting the intron and joining the two extremes of the remaining exon.<br />
<br />
Ribozymes are introns RNA molecules with enzymatic activity that allow to catalyze their removal.<br />
<br />
Introns are important because they contain sequences that control gene activity and have discontinuous genes (composed of introns and exons) to encode more than one type of polypeptide.<br />
Alternative splicing of the RNA is when some genes give rise to 2 or more different polypeptides, depending on which portions are treated as exons during the maturation of the RNA.<br />
This splicing may be why men are so diverse, though having a very low genetic kit, just twice that of the fruit fly.<br />
Domains are those regions of structurally and functionally distinct proteins born through discontinuous genes, and exons different encode different domains of a protein.<br />
Introns increase the chances of increasing cross-over-crossing.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
The synthesis of proteins</h3>
<br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="L'interprete della traduzione è l'RNA transfer (tRNA) che trasferisce amminoacidi dal pool citoplasmatico a quello ribosomiale, il quale aggiunge questi amminoacidi all'estremità in accrescimento della catena polipeptidica.
">The translation interpreter is the RNA transfer (tRNA) that transfers
amino acids from the cytoplasmic to the ribosomal pool, which adds these
amino acids to the polypeptide chain extension end.</span><span title="I tRNA non sono tutti uguali, quando uno di essi raggiunge il ribosoma, trasporta uno specifico amminoacido legato ad una sua estremità, mentre nell'altra estremità è presente una tripletta di nucleotidi detta anticodone, che si appaia su un codone complementare dell'mRNA.
">The tRNAs are not all equal when one of them reaches the ribosome,
carries a specific amino acid bound to one end, while at the other end
there is a triplet of said anti-codon nucleotides, which appears on a
complementary codon of the mRNA.</span><span title="Il messaggio genetico viene quindi tradotto un codone dopo l'altro man mano che i tRNA trasportano gli amminoacidi nell'ordine previsto e questi vengon legati formando una catena da parte del ribosoma.
">The genetic message is then translated into a codon after the other as
the tRNAs carry the amino acids in the expected order and these are
linked by forming a ribosome chain.</span><span title="Negli eucariotici il tRNA è prodotto all'interno del nucleo della cellula e deve esser trasferito nel citoplasma, ed ogni molecola di esso è formata da un singolo filamento di RNA lungo 80 nucleotidi, che si ripiega su se stesso formando una molecola con struttura tridimensionale a">In
the eukaryotes the tRNA is produced within the nucleus of the cell and
must be transferred to the cytoplasm, and each molecule of it is formed
by a single 80 nucleotide RNA filament that folds onto itself forming a
molecule with a three-dimensional structure </span><span title="forma di L, dove ad un'estremità c'è l'anticodone e all'altro capo c'è l'estremità 3', il sito di legame dell'amminoacido.
">L form, where at one end there is the anticodone and at the other end there is the 3 'end, the linking site of the amino acid.</span><span title="Esistono circa 45 molecole di tRNA, alcuni dei quali possiedono anticodoni che riconoscono 2 o più codoni diversi.
">There are about 45 tRNA molecules, some of which possess anticodies that recognize 2 or more different codons.</span><span title="L'oscillazione è la minor rigidità delle regole di appaiamento degli anticodoni, e spiega il perchè diversi codoni che codificano lo stesso amminoacido differiscono solo nella loro terza base (ovvero la terza base U del tRNA può appaiarsi ad esempio con A o G dell'mRNA">The
oscillation is the least rigid of anti-coding rules, and it explains
why different codons that encode the same amino acid differ only in
their third base (that is, the third U base of the tRNA can fit, for
example, with A or G of the mRNA </span><span title=").
">).</span><span title="Il legame codone anticodone deve essere preceduto da un corretto appaiamento tra il tRNA e il suo amminoacido, e questo legame viene fatto dall'enzima amminoacil-tRNA sintetasi, di cui ne esistono 20, ciascun per ogni amminoacido.
">Anti-conjunction codon binding must be preceded by a proper coupling
between the tRNA and its amino acid, and this bond is made by the amino
acid-tRNA synthase enzyme, of which there are 20, each for each amino
acid.</span><span title="I ribosomi favoriscono l'accoppiamento tra gli anticodoni del tRNA e i codoni dell'mRNA durante la sintesi delle proteine.
">Ribosomes favor the coupling between tRNA antibodies and mRNA codons during protein synthesis.</span><span title="Il ribosoma è costituito da 2 subunità, la subunità maggiore e la subunità minore, costituite entrambe da RNA ribosomiale (rRNA), che costituisce 2/3 della massa di un ribosoma.
">The ribosome consists of 2 subunits, the major subunit and the lower
subunit, both constituting ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which constitutes 2/3
of the mass of a ribosome.</span><span title="Il ribosoma possiede 3 siti di legame del mRNA: il sito P lega il tRNA che trasporta la catena in accrescimento, il sito A lega il tRNA che trasporta l'amminoacido che deve essere aggiunto alla catena, il sito E è dove i tRNA liberi abbandonano">The
ribosome has 3 mRNA binding sites: the P site links the tRNA that
carries the chain into growth, site A links the tRNA carrying the amino
acid that needs to be added to the chain, site E is where free tRNAs
abandon </span><span title="il ribosoma.
">The ribosome.</span><span title="Il ribosoma tiene vicini tRNA e mRNA e posiziona il nuovo amminoacido facendolo aggiungere all'estremità carbossilica del polipeptide nascente.
">The ribosome holds close tRNA and mRNA and positions the new amino
acid by adding it to the carboxylic acid end of the nascent polypeptide.</span><span title="La sintesi di una catena polipeptidica è costituita di 3 fasi: inizio, allungamento, terminazione.
">The synthesis of a polypeptide chain consists of 3 phases: start, elongation, termination.</span><span title="L'inizio e l'allungamento necessitano di consumo di energia fornita dall'idrolisi di GTP.
">Beginning and elongation need energy consumption supplied by GTP hydrolysis.</span><span title="L'inizio prevede l'associazione dell'mRNA, del tRNA che trasporta il primo amminoacido del polipeptide e delle 2 subunità del ribosoma.
">The initiation involves the association of the tRNA mRNA carrying the
first amino acid of the polypeptide and the 2 ribosome subunits.</span><span title="Nell'allungamento gli amminoacidi sono aggiunti uno alla volta all'amminoacido precedente, e avviene in un ciclo di 3 tappe: riconoscimento del codone, formazione del legame peptidico, trasferimento.
">In the elongation, amino acids are added one at a time to the previous
amino acid, and occur in a 3-cycle cycle: codon recognition, peptide
bond formation, transfer.</span><span title="La terminazione è l'ultima tappa della traduzione dove l'allungamento prosegue fino a che non trova un codone di stop (triplette UAA, UAG e UGA) nell'mRNA nel sito A del ribosoma, e in quel caso al sito A si lega una">Termination
is the last stage of the translation where the elongation continues
until it finds a stop codon (triplet UAA, UAG and UGA) in the ribosome
site A of the mRNA, and then site A binds to one </span><span title="proteina detta fattore di rilascio che comporta l'idrolisi del polipeptide nel sito P, provocandone il rilascio dal ribosoma.">Protein said release factor which involves the polypeptide hydrolysis at Site P, causing its release from the ribosome.</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8PxwQbxOFBcrY1UyC42ajqvdIeYZg4IgvD4mWf6bDujcyX6e7uYKJbETaZx7MbsmT9-nPveoqX5JFJnYFC981SNtzlSxktVhK9BUb3WDYaoGWwlYZ7AEwuwaevaWBvBihalxUB1bJDa4n/s1600/traduzione.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="la sintesi delle proteine" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8PxwQbxOFBcrY1UyC42ajqvdIeYZg4IgvD4mWf6bDujcyX6e7uYKJbETaZx7MbsmT9-nPveoqX5JFJnYFC981SNtzlSxktVhK9BUb3WDYaoGWwlYZ7AEwuwaevaWBvBihalxUB1bJDa4n/s320/traduzione.gif" title="la sintesi delle proteine" width="233" /></a></div>
<br />
An mRNA molecule is usually used to produce several simultaneous copies of a polypeptide, thanks to several ribosomes that operate simultaneously.<br />
When a ribosome moves beyond the start codon, another ribosome may bind to the mRNA, and so on, forming a polybosomal, a structure that speeds up the production of polypeptides.<br />
<br />
After the synthesis, the polypeptide begins to wind up to reach the proper structural shape for its functioning, conformation determined by the primary structure, in turn determined by the gene.<br />
The chaperone protein favors the proper folding of the polypeptide so that it is a functional protein, while the phenomenon of denaturation is when the protein loses its shape and becomes inactive.<br />
<br />
There are 2 types of ribosomes, free ribosomes and ribosomes bound.<br />
The free radicals are suspended in the cytosol and synthesize soluble proteins that will function in the cytosol, the bound ones being attached to the wrinkled endoplasmic reticulum ERr and produce proteins for internal membrane systems and proteins that can be exported out of the cell.<br />
Free and bound ribosomes are identical and can be exchanged for space.<br />
The synthesis of all proteins begins in the cytosol and terminates them, unless the nascent peptide pushes ribosome to bind to ER.<br />
The polypeptides for membrane systems therefore have a signal peptide that directs them towards the ER.<br />
The signal recognition particle (SRP) promotes the link between the ribosome and the receptor membrane protein of the ER, where it resumes synthesis and removes the signal peptide.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Types of eukaryotic RNAs</b><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><b>RNA messenger mRNA</b></td>
<td>Carries information from DNA to ribosomes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>RNA transfer tRNA</b></td>
<td>It transduces the codons of the mRNA into amino acids</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>RNA ribosomal rRNA</b></td>
<td>It performs catalytic and functional roles within ribosomes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Primary transcript (eg pre-mRNA)</b></td>
<td>It is a precursor to mRNA, rRNA and tRNA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Small SNRNA nuclear RNA</b></td>
<td>It has structural and catalytic roles in spliceosomes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>SRP RNA</b></td>
<td>Complex of RNA and proteins that recognizes the peptizes signal of polypeptides directed towards ER</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<b>Point mutations</b><br />
Mutations are genetic material modifications, point mutations are chemical modifications charged by a single pair of bases of a gene.<br />
If a point mutation occurs in a gamete, this can be transmitted to the progeny, and if mutation has an effect on the phenotype, it is termed hereditary disease.<br />
Point mutations can be divided into 2 categories: base pairs substitutions and base pair insertions or deletions.<br />
<br />
Replacements consist of replacing a nucleotide and its partner on the complementary filament with another pair of nucleotides.<br />
A variation of a pair of bases can transform a codon into another that is translated from the same amino acid by making a silent mutation, or not affecting the protein's functioning, while other substitutions may involve amino acid substitution but will not affect the Same function of the protein.<br />
In other cases, amino acid substitutions involve modifying protein functions, in some cases creating new functionalities, while others may damage their normal functioning.<br />
Replacements are usually sense mutations (missense), that is when the modified codon still encodes an amino acid and therefore has a meaning, not necessarily correct, instead the substitutions that make a stop signal are referred to as nonsense mutations and almost All lead to the production of non-functional proteins.<br />
<br />
Intakes and deletions are mutations where the nucleotide pair is added or lost, and are dysfunctional mutations because they can alter the reading grid in the said shift grid shift mutation phenomenon (Frameshift mutation), which will occur each time the number of nucleotides is not multiple of 3, and unless this shift takes place at the end of the gene, it will produce a protein almost unworkable.<br />
<br />
Other errors can occur through spontaneous mutations, mutations involving large DNA fragments.<br />
Mutagens are physical and chemical agents that interact with DNA causing mutation.<br />
They can be X-rays, ultraviolet light, and may impersonate improperly during DNA replication, or replicate the DNA by inserting inside it and forming a twin helix distortion, while others modify the bases chemically, altering the 'pairing.<br />
Much of the carcinogens are mutagenic and most mutagens are carcinogenic.<br />
<br />
The gene may have different definitions, can be considered a hereditary unit that can envision a phenotypic character, may be the locus synonym, can be a portion of a specific nucleotide sequence along a DNA molecule.<br />
It can be said that a gene is a region of DNA whose end product is a polypeptide or a RNA molecule.<br />
<br />
<h3>
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<br />Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-76123225754478123832017-05-02T10:32:00.003-07:002017-05-02T11:11:42.305-07:00Genetics (5/8): The Molecular Fundamentals of Heredity<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEuMg6oHypT9987bsbsxULtnTo_YKejtWN2OlrIZnBUgEPnFPGiK5vK1uwFyg6RtEHFyCFuw5KQqd1xzP58L3KgWTOgCmeM-fyQdWBsnBPBfCDmp25C3QQes-lw-Zen6fLjVWTJpsPIMas/s1600/dna.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="dna" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEuMg6oHypT9987bsbsxULtnTo_YKejtWN2OlrIZnBUgEPnFPGiK5vK1uwFyg6RtEHFyCFuw5KQqd1xzP58L3KgWTOgCmeM-fyQdWBsnBPBfCDmp25C3QQes-lw-Zen6fLjVWTJpsPIMas/s320/dna.jpg" title="dna" width="231" /></a></div>
After Morgan's discovery, many tried to determine if DNA or proteins, the genetic material of chromosomes.<br />
In 1928 Griffith studied the bacteria and discovered the phenomenon of transformation, a variation of the genotype and phenotype linked to the assimilation of foreign DNA by a cell.<br />
Avery in 1944 claimed that the transformed agent was DNA, but his discovery was met with skepticism, as many believed that proteins were the genetic material of excellence.<br />
In 1952, Hershey and Chase studying bacteriophages claimed that DNA was the genetic material of the T2 bacterium, which was capable of reprogramming the cell to make it produce other viruses, and experimented with their theory by using radiotomized isotopes to mark DNA, Demonstrating that proteins did not come into play in this genetic transmission process.<br />
Other tests are related to DNA distribution during mitosis, and Chargaff in 1947 demonstrated the DNA composition (the nitrogen base is always equal cmq: Adenina A, Timina T, Guanina G, Citosina C) ranges from one species to another .<br />
Moreover, Chargaff discovered the equalities A = T and G = C common to all DNA molecules, now known as Chargaff's rules.<br />
The final test was given by Watson and Crick who discovered in 1953 the double-helix DNA structure thanks to X-ray crystallography by the scholar Rosalind Franklin.<br />
These scholars discovered that the DNA propeller runs a full turn every 3.4nm in terms of its length, and that the nitrogen bases were pegged so that adenine was with quinine and guanine with cytosine.<br />
Adenine and guanine are purines, nitrogenous bases with 2 organic rings, while cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines, single-ring bases.<br />
Hence adenine forms 2 hydrogen bonds only with thymine and guanine forms 3 hydrogen bonds only with cytosine.<br />
The amount of guanine is thus equal to that of cytosine and adenine to thymine, and the linear sequence of the 4 bases can be varied infinitely, and each gene has a single order or sequence of bases.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
Replication and DNA repair</h3>
<br />
The semiconservative model of Watson and Crick predicts that when the double helix is duplicated, each of the daughters molecules is part of the old parent molecule and a new part.<br />
Each of the human cells has about 6 billion pairs of bases, although a cell takes a few hours to copy all of its DNA and this replication is performed with very few errors, about one every billion nucleotides.<br />
<br />
DNA replication begins at sites of said replication origins, where proteins bind to DNA by separating the two filaments and opening a replication bubble.<br />
Replication proceeds in both directions until the entire molecule is copied.<br />
At the end of a replication bubble there is a replenishing force, a Y-shaped region where new DNA filaments stretch.<br />
This elongation is catalyzed by DNA polymerase enzymes that binds the nucleotides paired to the base at the expanding end of the new filament at a rate of about 50 nucleotides per second in human cells.<br />
Polymerase DNA adds nucleotides in the free end of an increasing DNA strand but not in the 5 'end and therefore a new DNA strand may stretch only in the 5' to 3 'direction.<br />
The polymerase positions itself in the molding force of a mold filament and continuously adds nucleotides to the complementary filament as the force extends and the filament formed with this mechanism is referred to as the filament guide.<br />
To lengthen the other new filament, the polymerase must work on the other mold in the direction away from the force, and the DNA synthesized in this direction is referred to as a delayed filament.<br />
The polymerase molecule moves away from the replication bubble when it opens, and replicates a short segment of DNA.<br />
The delayed filament is initially synthesized as a set of short segments called Okazaki fragments.<br />
The DNA ligase enzyme joins the sugar-phosphate skeletons of Okazaki fragments to generate a single DNA strand.<br />
Polymerase DNA can not initiate the synthesis of a polynucleotide filament, it can only add nucleotides at the 3 'end of a pre-existing filament. The trigger is represented by a short section of RNA synthesized by primary enzyme, and each trigger is eventually replaced by DNA.<br />
Instead, in the delayed filament each single fragment of Okazaki must be triggered and these triggers are converted into DNA before the ligase unites the fragments together.<br />
The helix is an enzyme that performs the double propeller at the level of the replication force, separating the two filaments.<br />
The protein that binds single-stranded DNA aligns along stranded DNA filaments, keeping them separate, while they work as molds for the synthesis of new complementary filaments.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUM74_2KqQM3TjcyWWHaTAkWZ-k8fz1OwONdrHGyl-8_8zw7qjtPZW9T7nOQFI_-zSQtVqHYQsYsuOUSHVgLRzDGEWu3PThC05hHLEl5scOZ4a6yP86YDiA2zf4k-KKuWVhME4qRIe3Xom/s1600/dna2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="filamento dna" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUM74_2KqQM3TjcyWWHaTAkWZ-k8fz1OwONdrHGyl-8_8zw7qjtPZW9T7nOQFI_-zSQtVqHYQsYsuOUSHVgLRzDGEWu3PThC05hHLEl5scOZ4a6yP86YDiA2zf4k-KKuWVhME4qRIe3Xom/s1600/dna2.png" title="filamento dna" /></a></div>
<b>Enzymes that control and correct errors in DNA replication</b><br />
Errors in initial wrap between new nucleotides and mold filaments are quite frequent.<br />
Polymerase itself checks for errors during replication, when it finds an improperly padded nucleotide, removes and resumes synthesis.<br />
For repairing improper use of polymers, the cells use special enzymes that recognize and correct inappropriate paired nucleotides.<br />
Nuclease is the enzyme that removes the damaged portion, then replaced by other nucleotides, thanks to the polymerase and the ligase, in a process called nucleotide excision repair.<br />
Hereditary xeroderma pigmentous disease is caused by a deficiency of an enzyme involved in excision repair, and causes hypersensitivity to light and skin cancers.<br />
In principle, most of the repair processes involve DNA molecule polymerase activity.<br />
Normal DNA replication does not allow to complete the 5 'end, and therefore repeated replication cycles would lead to the production of ever-shorter DNA molecules.<br />
Telomers are special nucleotide sequences, TTAGGGG, which do not contain genes.<br />
Telomeric DNA protects the genes of the organism from erosion and prevents the extremities from activating cellular systems to monitor DNA damage.<br />
Telomerase is a particular enzyme that allows to restore shortened telomers, catalyzing their elongation, thanks to an RNA molecule that acts as a mold for the new segments of the telomer at the 3 'end.<br />
Telomerase is not present in most pluricellular cells, and therefore in somatic cells DNA tends to be shorter in elderly cells.<br />
Thus, telomeres are likely to be the cause of the life-span of organisms.<br />
Telomerase is present in the germ cells that give origin to the pegs and is therefore present in the infants.<br />
Unfortunately telomerase keeps cancer cells alive by not shortening the telomeres.<br />
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Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-10829972694763705402017-05-02T10:28:00.000-07:002017-05-02T11:11:09.686-07:00Genetics (4/8): The Chromosome Basis of HeredityThe <b>chromosomal theory</b> of inheritance argues that Mendelian genes possess specific loci on chromosomes and the latter segregate and assort themselves independently.<br />
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The Morgan embryoologist was the first to associate a specific gene with a particular chromosome, and though skeptical of Mendelian theories, convinced through his experiments that the chromosomes were the seat of Mendel's hereditary factors.<br />
For his experiments, Morgan selected a kind of fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, and used it to make different mixtures and pairs, all with red eyes, except for a rare case of white-eye fever.<br />
The most common phenotype in natural populations is called wild type, while alternative characters are called mutant phenotypes because they are due to alleles likely to be caused by changes or mutations.<br />
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Morgan also understood that the genus responsible for the white-eye character was to be located exclusively in the X chromosome, and since males possess only one X chromosome, there was no wild-type allele able to neutralize the recessive allele.<br />
Gender genes are defined as genes related to sex.<br />
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Each chromosome has hundreds or thousands of genes, and these genes tend to be eradicated together in genetic crosses, and this type of genes is called linkage genes.<br />
Genetic recombination is the production of a progeny characterized by new combinations of characters inherited by the two parents.<br />
Generations P are those individuals of progeny who have combinations of characters that do not match those observed in their parents.<br />
The Punnett square allows to predict the prognosis of genotypes and phenotypes of progeny.<br />
The parental type is the offspring inheriting a phenotype equal to one of the two parental phenotypes, and when the progeny manifests new character combinations, they are called recombined.<br />
Recombination between non-concatenated genes occurs due to the random orientation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I metaphase, which results in the independent assortment of alleles.<br />
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Concatenated genes do not follow the law of independent assortment, since they are located on the same chromosome and therefore tend to move together during meiosis and fertilization, but the recombination of conjugated genes occurs.<br />
Crossing over is the exchange of segments between homologous chromosomes that breaks the concatenation between the two genes and is therefore responsible for the recombination of the conjugated genes.<br />
Crossing over occurs during meiosis I and on this occasion non-brooded chromatids can break into corresponding sites, exchanging DNA fragments, and recombined chromosomes can bring new allelic combinations.<br />
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Alfred H. elaborated the genetic mapping that lists the sequence of gene loci along a particular chromosome.<br />
Sturtevant hypothesized that more than two genes are distant on a chromosome and the greater the probability that one crosses over, because it increases the number of points where it can occur, and hence the frequency with which the scrambling increases 'Increase the distance separating the 2 genes.<br />
So to test his hypothesis he started mapping the genes into a map based on recombination frequencies called concatenation map (or linkage), and expressed the distance between genes in map units, with the centimorgan measurement unit of 1 % Recombination frequency.<br />
The chromosome recombination frequency so far distant as crossing over is always equal to the maximum value of 50%.<br />
It is also worth remembering that a second crossing over overrides the first, and for this reason the crossing frequency is not quite uniform, so the map units are not an absolute measure.<br />
Other methods allow to cramp the cytological maps of the chromosomes, which locate the genes with respect to the chromosomal characteristics.<br />
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<h3>
Sexual chromosomes</h3>
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<span style="color: purple;">
<span style="color: black;">There are 2 types of sex chromosomes, X and Y.<br />Sex is a fact of chance, who inherits 2 X chromosomes develops the female sex, one X and one Y, male.<br />The indispensable gene for the development of the testicles is called SRY, also without some genes located on Y chromosomes, males can not exercise their reproductive functions.<br />Each male receiving the recessive allele from the mother will manifest the character in question, and for this reason males have many more hereditary diseases related to recessive sex alleles.<br />A sex-related illness is Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, which causes muscle weakening and difficulty in coordination, and finally death.<br />Hemolysis is another sex-related illness due to the absence of one or more proteins involved in blood clotting.<br />In mammalian females, one of the 2 chromosomes X is almost always deactivated during embryonic development, so males and females possess the same number of loci genes on chromosome X, and the inactive X condenses forming a structure known as Barr's body , Whose genes, for the most part, are not expressed even if they are active.<br />If a female is sexually heterozygous, half its cells express an allele and half the other.</span></span><br />
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<h3>
Errors and exceptions in chromosomal inheritance</h3>
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Physical or chemical disorders and errors during the meiosis may damage the chromosomes and alter their number in the cell.<br />
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Non-disjunction occurs when members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not dissociate correctly during meiosis I, or the broth chromatides do not separate in meiosis II, and when this occurs the gametes receive 2 chromosomes of the same type, No one else receives it.<br />
If one of these gametes joins a normal gamete during fertilization, the progeny will have an abnormal number of chromosomes, in a condition known as aneuploidy.<br />
If the chromosome is present in triplicate in a fertilized egg cell, it has the trimosomic aneuploidy, while the cell having a lower chromosome is called monosomy.<br />
If this anomaly occurs during embryonic development, mitosis will transmit it to all cells, and the entire body will have serious problems.<br />
Polyploidosis occurs when organisms possess more than 2 complete chromosomal kits.<br />
It seems that a missing chromosome or one more, disturb the body more than the presence of whole sets of supernumerated chromosomes.<br />
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Breaking a chromosome can give rise to 4 different types of alterations:<br />
<ol>
<li>The deletion occurs when a chromosomal fragment lacking centromere is lost during cell division.</li>
<li>Duplication occurs when the deletion fragment is added during meiosis to the chromogenic brother or to a homologous chromosome.</li>
<li>Reversal occurs when the fragment reconnects on the original chromosome but is oriented in the opposite direction.</li>
<li>Translocation occurs when the fragment is added to a non-homologous chromosome.</li>
</ol>
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These effects can be deleterious to the body and are often lethal, and inversions and translocations can alter the phenotype.<br />
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<b>Genetic diseases due to chromosomal alterations</b><br />
Non-disunion can cause spontaneous abortion, and another type of aneuploidy can cause Down's syndrome, where there is a supernumerary chromosome 21, so that each somatic cell has 47 chromosomes.<br />
This syndrome involves common facial traits, weakness, infertility, obesity, mental retardation and predisposition to various diseases, and most subjects do not reach the age of three.<br />
Down syndrome is caused by non-disunion in the production of the gametes of one of the two parents, and it seems that the older the pregnant woman is, the greater the chance of having a child Down.<br />
Klinefelter's syndrome occurs when the chromosome X in the male (XXY) is supernatant, in which case the individuals are sterile and often have female characteristics.<br />
In the case of XYY in males, these are usually bigger and more robust.<br />
In XXX women do not have XX differences except for their karyotype.<br />
X monosomy in females, known as Turner's syndrome, occurs when there is only one X chromosome and this entails sterility and non-development of sexual organs.<br />
Cri du chat is when the number of chromosomes is normal but there is a deletion in chromosome 5, which results in mental retardation in the small and small head, and subjects die from small.<br />
CML chronic myeloid leukemia is a cancer that affects the cells that produce white blood cells, which is caused by a reciprocal translocation.<br />
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In mammals, some traits and some hereditary dysfunctions depend on which of the parents transmits the alleles related to the character in question.<br />
Prader-Willi's syndrome is caused by mental retardation, obesity, bass, mania and small feet, and it manifests itself if the child inherits the chromosome 15 smeared by the father, while if inherited from the mother has Angelman's syndrome, which involves Uncontrollable rice, convulsive movements and various motor and mental abnormalities.<br />
Genomic imprinting is when a gene located on a chromosome remains silent while its homologue located on the homologous chromosome expresses, and this would explain why the diversity of the effects depending on whether the gene is male or female.<br />
The fragile X syndrome is when the X chromosome has an abnormal appearance, which causes mental retardation.<br />
This syndrome is transmitted more easily by the mother because if a male XY inherits a fragile X chromosome, this must necessarily come from the mother.<br />
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Not all genes of a eukaryotic cell are located in nuclear chromosomes, there are also genes in mitochondria, in plants, in plastids.<br />
However, cytoplasmic genes do not follow the Mendelian hereditary picture.<br />
In mammals the mitochondria contained in the zygote are all derived from the egg cell cytoplasm, and mitochondrial DNA mutations cause rare diseases, which usually reduce the amount of ATP produced by the cell.<br />
Organic structures that are most susceptible to energy shortages are the nervous system and the muscular system, and for example, mitochondrial myopathy involves weakness and muscle deterioration; in other cases, these mutations can cause diabetes and heart disease.<br />
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Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-16187063759127335092017-05-02T10:19:00.002-07:002017-05-02T11:10:20.862-07:00Genetics (3/8): Mendel and the concept of the geneMonk <b>Gregor Mendel</b> discovered in 1857 the fundamentals of heredity by making an experimental study on pea plants.<br />
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According to genetics, character is the set of inherited aspects that vary according to individuals, and each variant of a character is defined as stroke.<br />
The pure lines are those generations of children who keep their characters even in later generations.<br />
The hybridization intersection is when two pure lines are distinguished by one character, and parents belonging to pure lines are defined as parental generation, while the hybrid offspring is the F1 generation (first branch generation), and the individuals generated They are called generation F2 (second branch generation). <br />
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Alternative forms of a gene are called alleles, they are variants of the same gene, and each gene is located in a particular locus of a given chromosome, and the DNA of that locus may exhibit some nucleotide sequence variation.<br />
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Mendel hypothesized that:<br />
<ol>
<li>Alternative versions of alleles are responsible for the different versions of an inherited character.</li>
<li>For each character, a body inherits 2 alleles, one coming from each parent.</li>
<li>If the two alleles are not identical then one of these is the dominant allele, ie it fully expresses the phenotype of the organism, the other being the recessive allele, and does not exert any obvious effect.</li>
<li>The 2 alleles of each character are separated during the formation of the gametes, and each egg cell and each sperm receive only 1 of the 2 alleles.</li>
</ol>
This segregation (separation) corresponds to the distribution of homologous chromosomes in different gametes during meiosis.<br />
Mendel's segregation law is when there is the segregation of alleles in different gametes.<br />
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The Punnett square is a practical way to predict the result of a genetic cross between individuals with known genotype.<br />
An individual possessing a pair of identical alleles for a given character is called homozygote for the gene that controls that character.<br />
Individuals with different alleles for a particular locus are called heterozygotes for that gene.<br />
The external appearance of an organism (both physiological and physical) is called a phenotype, while its genetic constitution is called a genotype.<br />
Crossing or testcross is Mendel's intersection of a recessive homozygote with an organism from the dominant phenotype but from the unknown genotype.<br />
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Crosses of individuals that differ from a single character in F1 are called mono hybrids, and when they are heterozygous for both characters, they are called hybrid.<br />
Independent segregation of each pair of alleles during gamete production is known as Mendel's independent assortment law.<br />
The laws of segregation and assortment explain the inherited variations in terms of alternative forms of genes that are transmitted from one generation to another based on the likelihood of the sum and product.<br />
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<h3>
Post-Mendelian genetics</h3>
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Some genes exhibit incomplete dominance, ie F1 hybrids exhibit a phenotypic aspect somewhat intermediate to the 2 parental varieties.<br />
Full dominance is when the phenotypes of heterozygote and dominant homozygous are indistinguishable.<br />
Coexistence is when 2 alleles act on the phenotype in distinct and distinct ways.<br />
An allele is not said to be dominant because it is able to subdue the recessive allele, the 2 alleles do not interact with each other, but domination and recessivity express rather in the pathway leading from the genotype to the phenotype.<br />
Moreover, the fact that an allele of a particular character is dominant does not necessarily mean that it is more common in a population than its recessive allele.<br />
Most genes are present in populations in more than two formative forms, for example, in humans the ABO blood group is an example of multiple alleles.<br />
Pleiotropy is the ability of a gene to affect the body in many ways.<br />
Epistaxis causes a locus gene to alter the phenotypic expression of a gene located in a second locus.<br />
Multigenic inheritance has on quantitative characters (characters that vary gradually and continuously) when there is an additive effect of 2 or more genes on a single phenotypic character.<br />
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The phenotype of an individual depends on both its genetic constitution and environmental factors.<br />
For example, power affects the height, sun exposure on the tan.<br />
The product of a given genotype is not a rigidly defined phenotype, but a range of phenotypic possibilities (the reaction norm) on which environmental factors may be affected.<br />
There are cases where the reaction norm has no amplitude and therefore a given genotype defines an extremely specific phenotype.<br />
Multifactorial characters are the set of factors, genetic and environmental, that affect the phenotype altogether.<br />
The term phenotype is also used to describe an organism as a whole, both anatomically, physically and behaviorally.<br />
The term genotype can be used for the whole genetic constitution of the organism.<br />
The phenotype of an organism reflects both the overall genotype and its environmental history.<br />
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<h3>
Mendelian genetics in the human species</h3>
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Modern techniques in molecular biology have made many important discoveries, however, Mendelian genetics remains the foundation of human genetics.<br />
The pedigree is a descendant tree that describes relationships between parents and children throughout generations.<br />
We also recall that in the various representations, the lower case letter (eg f) is represented by the recessive alleles, with uppercase the dominant ones (es F).<br />
Many of the genetic diseases follow the Mendelian laws of heredity, and pedigree trees are very useful for their study and prevention.<br />
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Thousands of genetic diseases are inherited as simple recessive characters.<br />
In recessive disorders, heterozygotes have a normal phenotype, because even a single copy of the normal allele produces sufficient amount of the protein in question, so recessive hereditary disorder manifests itself only in homozygous individuals inheriting a recessive allele from each parent.<br />
If we indicate the genotype of these individuals as aa, while people who do not exhibit the disease have AA or Aa genotype, Aa heterozygotes that are phenotypically normal are defined as carriers of the disease.<br />
Most recessive disorder patients have normal phenotypic parents, but both bearers of the disease (a pair of carriers corresponds to a Mendelian cross F1 AaxAa where zygote has a probability of 1/4 of receiving recessive alleles).<br />
Cystic fibrosis is a very dangerous genetic disease that strikes in the US 1 white baby on 25.<br />
Tay-Sachs disease is caused by the disorder of a recessive allele, a defective enzyme that is not capable of degrading a particular class of lipids.<br />
The most common genetic disease among color people is sickle cell anemia, which is caused by the replacement of a single red blood cell hemoglobin amino acid, and this results in a decrease in oxygen in the blood.<br />
People who have in common a recent ancestor have a greater chance of wearing the same recessive alleles than people who do not have any kinship constraints, so it is more likely that a relationship between relatives produces a homozygous progeny for a recessive trait, possibly damaging (For this reason in several countries it is forbidden to marry relatives).<br />
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Many disorders are also caused by dominant alleles, such as acroplasia, a form of dwarfism.<br />
Unfortunately, when symptoms of lethal dominant alleles manifest themselves, they may already be too late, and may have already been transmitted to progeny.<br />
Huntington's Corea is a degenerative disease of the nervous system that does not show any apparent phenotypic effect before 35-45 years, but once the degeneration of the nervous system has begun, this is irreversible and causes death.<br />
There are also diseases that have a multifactorial basis, characterized by a genetic component and an environmental component.<br />
In many cases the hereditary component is multigenerational, or many genes can affect health, and lifestyle can also affect the course of the disease (eg those who smoke can have more cardiovascular problems, not just because they are predisposed).<br />
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Sometimes genetic diseases can be predicted, estimating the risk of some disease occurring prior to conception or in the early stages of pregnancy.<br />
Several tests are available to check if parents are carriers of the alleles of various diseases.<br />
However, when they are expected to be illnesses that may occur, healthy carriers may be discriminated against by life insurance, employers, etc ...<br />
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Amniocentesis is an analytical technique that can determine from the 14th-16th week of pregnancy if the fetus is affected by Tay-Sachs disease.<br />
This technique involves the insertion of a needle into the maternal uterus and the extraction of amniotic fluid from the fetus, which allows the detection of certain substances.<br />
The technique of choral wildlife analysis involves the insertion of a thin cannula through the cervix to the uterus and the aspiration of a small sample of fetal tissue from the placenta.<br />
This last analysis is more efficient than the previous one because the results can be achieved in 24 hours, unlike the several weeks needed for amniocentesis, and also wildlife analysis can be done already since the eighth week of pregnancy.<br />
As opposed to wildlife analysis, it does not detect diseases that require amniotic fluid analysis, and not all hospitals are equipped to do so.<br />
The method of ultrasound allows you to examine the fetus through sound waves.<br />
Fetoscopy, on the other hand, involves the introduction into the uterus of a thin probe containing a fiber optic lens.<br />
Amniocentesis and fetoscopy are cmq risky for the fetus and can kill it (occurs in 1% of cases), and for this reason they are only used when the risk of disease is really high.<br />
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Infant screening is used to detect hereditary phenylketonuria (PKU) disease.<br />
This disease does not allow the proper degradation of aminoacid phenylalanine, which can accumulate in the blood until it reaches toxic levels.<br />
If the defect is detected in the infant, it can prevent this from causing mental retardation through a special diet.<br />
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Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-44550062683236618282017-02-28T05:27:00.002-08:002017-02-28T05:27:23.325-08:00The origins of the New Year's partyThe <b>New Year</b> is the first day of the year, that is 1 January of the Gregorian calendar.<br />But why do you celebrate the New Year?<br />Because you are ready to revel until dawn as soon snaps midnight?<br />Because it is said that if you do not do something on New Year not do more for the whole year?<br />Because they shoot the fireworks New Year? In this article I will reveal some interesting facts about New Year's.<br /><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkxz-aqqs9J9Ac5_F3X7pHwYzKDL500_fGYu1LDY7F84QdQS5FXTRo3qrXpKRyDSKgchnLq0ZFoYRamEaY3M743tyMS1_vVMU3dgqMvLo4I999T61T0gZhwDdeTMyxUamvjq_Ou4Pd-TCg/s1600/capodanno-2016-buon-anno.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Le origini del Capodanno" border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkxz-aqqs9J9Ac5_F3X7pHwYzKDL500_fGYu1LDY7F84QdQS5FXTRo3qrXpKRyDSKgchnLq0ZFoYRamEaY3M743tyMS1_vVMU3dgqMvLo4I999T61T0gZhwDdeTMyxUamvjq_Ou4Pd-TCg/s320/capodanno-2016-buon-anno.jpg" title="Le origini del Capodanno" width="320" /></a></div>
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<h3>
The origins of the New Year's party</h3>
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The decision to consider on January 1 as the date of beginning of the year dates back to Roman times and Julius Caesar, namely the year 46 BC.<br />The New Year festival originated from the festivities in honor of the god of beginnings, the God Janus, from which it takes its name the month of January.<br />On January 1 of each year was the custom of the Romans to invite friends to dinner and gift exchange as a white vase with honey, dates and figs, accompanied by laurel twigs (strenne), to wish luck and happiness.<br /><br />Even in the seventh century the pagans of Flanders (now Belgium) followers of the Druids (priests), had the custom to celebrate the turn of the year.<br /><br />Centuries go by and here we are finally at the New Year's Eve 2016, where for us Italians apply the usual rituals of celebration: it is the New Year's Eve, you make resolutions for the new year, they shoot the fireworks of New Year, we toast with sparkling wine and you eat the cake or pandoro.<br /><br />There are also a number of superstitious rituals for the most superstitious: dress underwear in red, throwing objects from the old window, eat lentils, kissing under the mistletoe ...<br />And these are just some of our rituals, every culture has its own customs and the New Year and it would be impossible to list them all.<br /><br />
But let's analyze in detail some typical custom of New Year:<br />
<ul>
<li><b>Why you eat lentils on New Year?</b>They eat lentils on New Year because it is thought to bring in money, because the legumes are considered food capable of feeding and object to the end of time in view of a number of good prospects for the future.</li>
<li><b>Because they shoot the fireworks at New Year?</b>The year-end fires are used to ward off evil spirits and the forces of evil that appear between the end of one year and the beginning of a new one, as well as representing joy for the arrival of the new year.</li>
<li><b>Why do we kiss under the mistletoe at New Year?</b>The custom of lovers kissing under the mistletoe at midnight is a good omen for the love of a couple, this is because the mistletoe is a plant of good omen that gives prolificacy both material and spiritual (belief that dates back to the times of druids).</li>
<li><b>Why is red lingerie at New Year?</b>Chettelodicoaffare (cit.), Again for good luck.<br />Ancient Romans wore red as the symbol of blood and war to drive away the fear.</li>
<li><b>Because they throw old things in new year?</b>Throw old things at midnight is a sign of change in the new year, and it is a good omen.</li>
<li>Those who do not have sex on New Year do not have sex all year<br />The explanation of this saying, which is usually written with the word "broom": p sincerely I could not find her, but I think it comes from a different interpretation of the custom of <b>eating grapes and pomegranate at New Year</b>.<br />It is thought that eating grapes at New Year bring luck and prosperity ( "those who eat grapes for New Year counts his money all year"), while the pomegranate symbolizes marital fidelity and a legend has it that Proserpina, after eating the pomegranate , he was sentenced to spend the rest of his life in Hades with his Pluto groom.</li>
</ul>
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I hope I have satisfied your curiosity on the New Year's party.<br />If you want to find out something more about Christmas, read my post about the origins of Christmas.<br /><br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red;">Happy New Year!!! </span></h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCDR_5prkVTRAmEmGyG_buRaBbh4UwWA9V-QwQ7tUHS_oVvmAFU9zsRjoeFOm0o7WKsvbLgopTMjppE7SUR2aFwFqB9GeyF5HP1eT1gu9kHKufANqAw2wUEKZP_DQBeEZZrf7RZ7-nNYzO/s1600/capodanno-2016.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="capodanno 2016" border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCDR_5prkVTRAmEmGyG_buRaBbh4UwWA9V-QwQ7tUHS_oVvmAFU9zsRjoeFOm0o7WKsvbLgopTMjppE7SUR2aFwFqB9GeyF5HP1eT1gu9kHKufANqAw2wUEKZP_DQBeEZZrf7RZ7-nNYzO/s320/capodanno-2016.jpg" title="capodanno 2016" width="320" /></a></div>
Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-30706880647224828172017-02-28T05:18:00.000-08:002017-02-28T05:18:14.520-08:00Tandem Skydive Gran Canaria (Canary Islands)During my holiday in Gran Canaria (<a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.com/2016/10/gran-canaria-canary-archipelago.html" target="_blank">read my post on Gran Canaria</a>) I got to do a fantastic <b>tandem skydive</b> experience.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhyBC8EaYhSHACwhD2jdv51Z5fx-9GOwhrDGq7viIsDU_gzUz-BDRSeqYjBrV8pbIZsxwHhHVl_t-_itnK3zg-aB9ey9Cd3vpmyrYH0Hb4N4RWCoJn4McFx8NykMKEKPXvb0k8HI-MonkS/s1600/tandem-skydive.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tandem Skydive Gran Canaria" border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhyBC8EaYhSHACwhD2jdv51Z5fx-9GOwhrDGq7viIsDU_gzUz-BDRSeqYjBrV8pbIZsxwHhHVl_t-_itnK3zg-aB9ey9Cd3vpmyrYH0Hb4N4RWCoJn4McFx8NykMKEKPXvb0k8HI-MonkS/s320/tandem-skydive.jpg" title="Tandem Skydive Gran Canaria" width="320" /></a></div>
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As you can see from the photo, the <b>tandem skydive</b> is to jump with a parachute from an airplane in flight.<br />The difference from the classic skydiving is that he jumps tied to instructor who does everything he :)<br />This means that we must not do any preparatory course in order to do tandem skydive and do not need any prior experience ... you just have the courage to throw himself!<br /><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDRsjOao0X6C5u8A-reFSmx88OswzcXcJ4asEsafG0brj2Z6ZmrzoJEJS80Ks6dT7rPGs9i7YTd0tWnVsFbyeBWMXvuTJwNYHP8pogUw5NtgrtxKMO190eO_MmB6HtVNa8PLpkHfsKGMGi/s1600/PC193527.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tandem Skydive Gran Canaria volo" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDRsjOao0X6C5u8A-reFSmx88OswzcXcJ4asEsafG0brj2Z6ZmrzoJEJS80Ks6dT7rPGs9i7YTd0tWnVsFbyeBWMXvuTJwNYHP8pogUw5NtgrtxKMO190eO_MmB6HtVNa8PLpkHfsKGMGi/s320/PC193527.jpg" title="Tandem Skydive Gran Canaria volo" width="320" /></a></div>
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I have discovered the existence of the tandem skydive by accident, reading a flyer in my hotel in Playa de Ingles, Gran Canaria (Canary Islands).<br />Having always been tempted to try at least once the jump with a parachute, I immediately made us a little thought, but it took several days before deciding to book :)<br /><br />The price was quite expensive but affordable, so my reasoning was:<br />"Do skydiving would cost too much, I should take a course and do not even know if I'd like. Here I have the opportunity to try the experience similar to a launch alone and I can do it in a place with a wonderful view."<br />So ready, come and go: I called <a href="http://www.paraclubdegrancanaria.com/" target="_blank">Paraclub de Gran Canaria</a> and I booked my first experience in a tandem skydive.<br /><br />Luckily for me, this school of parachuting also had a person who spoke Italian, which was very helpful to me to define the details and take away any doubts.<br /><br />The Paraclub de Gran Canaria is aerodrome El Berriel, an area a little 'further north than where I was, but no problem, they came to get me close to the Dunes of Maspalomas, just a few minutes walk from my hotel .<br /><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Jz97xEWZnVI/VnppoZxsZxI/AAAAAAAAT0I/KW8uXlKv6Go/s1600/IMG_20151219_162200.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tandem Skydive Gran Canaria furgone" border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Jz97xEWZnVI/VnppoZxsZxI/AAAAAAAAT0I/KW8uXlKv6Go/s320/IMG_20151219_162200.jpg" title="Tandem Skydive Gran Canaria furgone" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Zzj8upYvJ4Y/Vnppo--V9NI/AAAAAAAAT0I/JpgtL2BIYS0/s1600/IMG_20151219_172633.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tandem Skydive Gran Canaria hangar" border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Zzj8upYvJ4Y/Vnppo--V9NI/AAAAAAAAT0I/JpgtL2BIYS0/s320/IMG_20151219_172633.jpg" title="Tandem Skydive Gran Canaria hangar" width="320" /></a></div>
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After a short course where I the basics have been explained, and after being harnessed for good, I was taken to the aircraft.<br />It was a small plane of maximum capacity of 5 persons, including the pilot.<br /><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ld0EQ1AMhAg/VnppoxUz5AI/AAAAAAAAT0I/-qatAWxCfwE/s1600/IMG_20151219_172718.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tandem Skydive Gran Canaria aereo" border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ld0EQ1AMhAg/VnppoxUz5AI/AAAAAAAAT0I/-qatAWxCfwE/s320/IMG_20151219_172718.jpg" title="Tandem Skydive Gran Canaria aereo" width="320" /></a></div>
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The flight lasted about 15 minutes ... I do not know exactly, the time in these situations is very relative :)<br />We arrived at a height of about 10,000 feet (about 3000 meters) and we launched into space!<br /><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhb1T_1dG-C65eUwKovxrZxgHGZyJghlSZ1Jk2BN-d_1JaZdVD8FPDFo5OkqQrSy9uEqI8wdLpUGpP4sHBsL9w3ZN-p2DJ7gzj1eeii0mSJ5wtAaAlKCTNgS2q1Yhyphenhyphen95Yy0gzzPJXFkxzm/s1600/tandem-skydive-panorama.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tandem Skydive Gran Canaria panorama isola" border="0" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhb1T_1dG-C65eUwKovxrZxgHGZyJghlSZ1Jk2BN-d_1JaZdVD8FPDFo5OkqQrSy9uEqI8wdLpUGpP4sHBsL9w3ZN-p2DJ7gzj1eeii0mSJ5wtAaAlKCTNgS2q1Yhyphenhyphen95Yy0gzzPJXFkxzm/s400/tandem-skydive-panorama.jpg" title="Tandem Skydive Gran Canaria panorama isola" width="400" /></a></div>
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I must say that until you have not opened the plane's door was quiet, it was like taking a classic flight, maybe just a little 'more uncomfortable.<br />But when they opened the door and suddenly came a strong wind, I realized I was going to throw me into the void and I had a few second thoughts: p<br /><br />The first to launch was the other guy who was with me, for him it was the second time, so it was less concerned about myself.<br />I watched its launch as a review of what they had told me shortly before in English (the Italian guy did not come with us all'aerodomo), since with my little Inglese did not understand every detail to tell the truth: p<br /><br />Anyway, got to my turn, I have to put my foot on the step outside the aircraft.<br />An immense effort because of the wind and fear, but in the end we flagged as expected and everything went well.<br /><br />The free fall was about 40 seconds, in which we achieved a speed of 220 km per hour.<br />That is, a nice adrenaline rush, even if I did more afraid when the instructor opened the parachute and there was that feeling of coming up.<br />Then I do not know, maybe the glasses that protect from the wind have a little 'made less real than this experience, almost like being behind a screen ... I said almost, eh: p<br /><br />Below is the video of my launch, brutally censored for reasons of privacy, so maybe it's not the best ... but it's better than nothing:<br /><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4LOqbLaaj4" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4LOqbLaaj4</a><br />
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This however is the video of my landing, filmed by a very nice Swiss tourist:<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAgUJ6CWk7Q" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAgUJ6CWk7Q</a><br />
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As you can see from the video, we landed on the Maspalomas dunes, so it was a hard landing but soft :)<br /><br />Overall it was really a nice experience and if it were not for the price I would have rebuilt right away :)<br />The boys of the launch clubs were very polite and professional, as well as sympathetic.<br /><br />Who knows, maybe in the future I will again <b>tandem skydive</b>.Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-85266868633601486092017-02-19T04:02:00.001-08:002017-02-19T04:02:47.855-08:00The origins of ChristmasA day of Christmas today is a religious festival that coincides with the birth of Jesus Christ.<br /><b>Christmas Day</b> is on December 25, but the entire holiday period runs from 24 December until Epiphany, or until January 6.<br /><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjOeK6_PvgMq7W171MhNwGnHN3Re4P3N5Zdy6SqVp3V0XWJZikt_VKPUNgCrZso7tYpvbD9LBTkgxTelVJDgeXC3mEuwP1H67hIMH7UFNGr1qbEkP4Ipw4M_tE18XOP87jcKFW7xvh3tgB/s1600/babbo-natale.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Le origini del Natale renne" border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjOeK6_PvgMq7W171MhNwGnHN3Re4P3N5Zdy6SqVp3V0XWJZikt_VKPUNgCrZso7tYpvbD9LBTkgxTelVJDgeXC3mEuwP1H67hIMH7UFNGr1qbEkP4Ipw4M_tE18XOP87jcKFW7xvh3tgB/s320/babbo-natale.jpg" title="Le origini del Natale renne" width="320" /></a></div>
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The origins of Christmas</h3>
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On the day of the Christmas, ie December 25, was celebrated since the time of the Celts.<br />The Celts fact that day they celebrated the winter solstice (which actually takes place on 21 and not 25 December).<br />Then there are the Romans, who celebrated the god of agriculture, Saturn, exchanging gifts as a wish for prosperity and peace.<br />These sayings celebration Saturnalia, were later replaced by the Emperor Aurelian with the Feast of the Sun, in honor of the shortest day of the year (the winter solstice for the note).<br />Always on Dec. 25 instead, in northern Europe there was the harvest festival.<br /><br />So the origin of Christmas is actually pagan, as the Eastern church was celebrating the birth of Christ on January 6 and not 25 December.<br />Only later, when in the fourth century A.D. Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, Pope Julius I decided to unify the popular home parties with those cristinane, thus giving birth to officially Christmas we all know.<br />No coincidence that Jesus is also referred to as the "Light of the World" and the "Sun of Justice."<br /><br />As you can guess from this brief description, the Christian Christmas, in addition to not have an exact date historically recognized as the birth of Christ, he has also incorporated some pagan traditions such as the exchange of gifts, the crib and the tree.<br /><br />This mix of pagan customs and Christian become ends with Epiphany, which was once the commemoration of Jesus' baptism, but which today is the arrival of the Magi, which bringing the gifts to the Christ symbolize the end of the festivities.<br /><br />In the past, the Christmas party symbolized a wish for prosperity and serenity, represented the end of one year and the beginning of a new one.<br />But today, while remaining the principle of good omen for the coming year, Christmas is officially a Christian holiday commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ.<br /><br />In conclusion, in anything you believe ... <b>Merry Christmas</b>!<br /><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji8ea8QMck-K2ylxWBcIffxUlXZnPLkL8hepRbCn3U_FYoKxF4SK5PMUmtQVOKLiGgPUY0NvgDD2iw0J_QBmRpC8oLEJPKYygPGgLhlehUevbDdDOx6ZSorhf3eaXUDWJ2YbkxOch3TtrA/s1600/buon-natale.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Le origini del Natale" border="0" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji8ea8QMck-K2ylxWBcIffxUlXZnPLkL8hepRbCn3U_FYoKxF4SK5PMUmtQVOKLiGgPUY0NvgDD2iw0J_QBmRpC8oLEJPKYygPGgLhlehUevbDdDOx6ZSorhf3eaXUDWJ2YbkxOch3TtrA/s400/buon-natale.jpg" title="Le origini del Natale" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-63008041103891618322017-02-19T03:58:00.002-08:002017-02-19T03:58:50.074-08:00Zipline MilanSome time ago, in the center of <b>Milan</b> and precisely in the port New Campo, just behind Piazza Gae Aulenti, it was unfolding a particular event: <u><b>zipline</b> free for everyone</u>!<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vASvY6pbb70/Vmf3cVWvw8I/AAAAAAAATQY/pYmCTcfOqY8/s1600/PC082211.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="ZipLine Milano" border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vASvY6pbb70/Vmf3cVWvw8I/AAAAAAAATQY/pYmCTcfOqY8/s320/PC082211.jpg" title="ZipLine Milano" width="320" /></a></div>
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The event, kindly offered by BMW to advertise his new car, allows anyone present at the place indicated above by 13 December 2015, to make a free zip-line test in the skies of Milan.<br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Kuh6Lenvwfc/Vmf3cvQ0-RI/AAAAAAAATPI/TybIof6L85E/s1600/PC082217.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="ZipLine Milano partenza" border="0" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Kuh6Lenvwfc/Vmf3cvQ0-RI/AAAAAAAATPI/TybIof6L85E/s320/PC082217.jpg" title="ZipLine Milano partenza" width="320" /></a></div>
How is it the zipline?<br />The zip line is an extreme sport, so let's call it, become fashionable to be a bit 'of years.<br />Basically it is to bind to a rope using a special harness and glide in the sky passing over a rope-resistant ...<br />mmm I explained a little 'bad, look at the video:<br /><br />
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For the occasion, those of BMW have built special platforms from which to launch.<br />The aircraft is 13 meters in height to make 150 meters of path in a vacuum.<br /><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2UdWXzB3nPY/Vmf3brwq1MI/AAAAAAAATQQ/yYdnAV6FnJI/s1600/PC082206.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="ZipLine Milano location" border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2UdWXzB3nPY/Vmf3brwq1MI/AAAAAAAATQQ/yYdnAV6FnJI/s320/PC082206.jpg" title="ZipLine Milano location" width="320" /></a></div>
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I plucked up courage and tried the wonderful experience of launching into space hanging on a rope.<br />I must say that I thought was more exciting in the end you do not go so fast as it would seem, is just a little 'scared the first time you look below: p<br /><br />Here the video of my trip to zipline:<br /><br />
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I saw old people jump off bravely, so it's something that can really make anyone ... no, you must be 18 years old, so bisgonava carry a document if you show fewer years :)<br /><br />The event was completed free of charge and so it was a test not to be missed.<br />Among other things it will go, rilasciavano (always free) also a photograph of you dangling in the void.<br /><br />I wonder if this rifaranno urban zipline completely free between the buildings in Milan.<br /><br />
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<a href="https://goo.gl/photos/MTz3ftLTJ8eKoaW7A" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">>> Zipline Photos <<</a></h3>
<br />Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-91083286926443289692017-02-19T03:48:00.005-08:002017-02-19T03:48:57.317-08:00The crypt of San Giovanni in Conca (Milan)Walking through the central streets of <b>Milan</b> can also happen to come across a crypt of the fifth century AD: the <b>crypt of San Giovanni in Conca</b>.<br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5Rrt5gg4PcY/VmBfFV3gn2I/AAAAAAAATFA/JWyWjQW5G5o/s1600/IMG_20151027_135700.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="La cripta di San Giovanni in Conca" border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5Rrt5gg4PcY/VmBfFV3gn2I/AAAAAAAATFA/JWyWjQW5G5o/s320/IMG_20151027_135700.jpg" title="La cripta di San Giovanni in Conca" width="320" /></a></div>
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The crypt of San Giovanni in Conca is located in Piazza Missori in Milan.<br /><br />In those passing by Piazza Missori they have noticed the particular ancient walls (not to mention the ruins) .In fact it is part of the apse (from the Latin arc or time) of a church.<br />The apse is an architectural structure with a semicircular or polygonal shape, covered by a vault, said concave or apse, which usually has the shape of a half dome.<br /><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-t6Gf8KvzChs/VmBfGgUCi2I/AAAAAAAATE0/ywNHoLio3po/s1600/IMG_20151027_140028.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="La cripta di San Giovanni in Conca fuori" border="0" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-t6Gf8KvzChs/VmBfGgUCi2I/AAAAAAAATE0/ywNHoLio3po/s320/IMG_20151027_140028.jpg" title="La cripta di San Giovanni in Conca fuori" width="320" /></a></div>
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So in the past in Piazza Missori there was a Christian church of which now remains only the apse and the crypt.<br />And it is the crypt that I wanted to tell you about in this article.<br /><br />The crypt of San Giovanni in Conca hides showing.<br />The entrance to the crypt is in fact just around the apse, hidden not so if we want to, just that it is not known of the existence of the stairs we do not even realize.<br /><br />
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I have discovered the existence of this crypt through google :)<br />I was looking for information on crypts, the catacombs and in general on what lies beneath the city, which I am sprout between the results just a crypt in downtown Milan: o<br /><br />However, the crypt is tiny, tiny but very suggestive.<br /><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYSBCUdxYg49gb3TfB1xn4PcMCRCAZc1nsLy8r5WRhUNWwf1USfiCc_eZJi84FyfSIdZqqYdqAW7kKN3VHKLQi6yvNoXlnSBhPOa_XaDaPDcqQbYxRhdPTrCLtz7YCWMSEJ8LcZdLLVCU7/s1600/IMG_20151027_130816.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="La cripta di San Giovanni in Conca statua" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYSBCUdxYg49gb3TfB1xn4PcMCRCAZc1nsLy8r5WRhUNWwf1USfiCc_eZJi84FyfSIdZqqYdqAW7kKN3VHKLQi6yvNoXlnSBhPOa_XaDaPDcqQbYxRhdPTrCLtz7YCWMSEJ8LcZdLLVCU7/s320/IMG_20151027_130816.jpg" title="La cripta di San Giovanni in Conca statua" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CqtIWQSEuw0/VmBfFOIW1lI/AAAAAAAATFM/r6CV8bOdzSM/s1600/IMG_20151027_130651.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="La cripta di San Giovanni in Conca archi" border="0" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CqtIWQSEuw0/VmBfFOIW1lI/AAAAAAAATFM/r6CV8bOdzSM/s320/IMG_20151027_130651.jpg" title="La cripta di San Giovanni in Conca archi" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuDm9Vd1Pc82ID13TdA8qlCpoRsc3Xet2GRtlv30vkqXonwvxg3RvwLSqCh8BWSpo1BB3phASg8rzh8yQZGFhunu0GcBrRcNdcWycDP_iUwSRuzoEgQuRcucpBunoDtMP3_CqSl56uMevH/s1600/IMG_20151027_135806.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="La cripta di San Giovanni in Conca scavi" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuDm9Vd1Pc82ID13TdA8qlCpoRsc3Xet2GRtlv30vkqXonwvxg3RvwLSqCh8BWSpo1BB3phASg8rzh8yQZGFhunu0GcBrRcNdcWycDP_iUwSRuzoEgQuRcucpBunoDtMP3_CqSl56uMevH/s320/IMG_20151027_135806.jpg" title="La cripta di San Giovanni in Conca scavi" width="320" /></a></div>
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It is also guarded by a talented volunteer who tells you the whole story behind the crypt and of course the church that contained it, and wishing you well know also tell much more about the history of Milan.<br /><br />If you are fond of ancient architecture, art history, crypts, or culture in general, do not miss a visit to this crypt, partly because it's free: p<br /><br />
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<a href="https://goo.gl/photos/nSEoPfXrWRC3KpAg7" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">>> Crypt of San Giovanni in Conca Photos <<</a></h3>
<br />Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-4833686635034967832017-02-19T03:44:00.006-08:002017-02-19T03:44:51.550-08:00The Royal Palace of Caserta<b>The Royal Palace of Caserta</b> is the house belonged to the royal house of Bourbon of Naples, now protected by UNESCO.<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3H7jvDKUlJI/VblQUL1FSsI/AAAAAAAAICM/cHI5OVB5ia0/s1600/05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="La reggia di Caserta" border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3H7jvDKUlJI/VblQUL1FSsI/AAAAAAAAICM/cHI5OVB5ia0/s320/05.jpg" title="La reggia di Caserta" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Royal Palace of Caserta is the largest royal residence in the world with over 2 million cubic meters covering an area of 47,000 m².<br />Nice record is not it?<br />In terms of volume, however, otherwise the greater <a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.com/2017/02/the-chateau-de-versailles.html" target="_blank">the palace of Versailles</a> (which well covers 67,000 m²).<br /><br />Given its beauty, it is hardly surprising that it is one of the most visited sites in Italy.<br /><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qhLrLrOTL_E/VblQdP4TNpI/AAAAAAAAIEM/3ZAc0IbnwAc/s1600/21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="La reggia di Caserta cappella" border="0" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qhLrLrOTL_E/VblQdP4TNpI/AAAAAAAAIEM/3ZAc0IbnwAc/s320/21.jpg" title="La reggia di Caserta cappella" width="320" /></a></div>
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Finished building in 1845, the palace boasts 1200 rooms and 1742 windows, as well as being surrounded by a large garden with fountains and statues of all kinds.<br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nmP-T4x-EAo/VblQYBwra3I/AAAAAAAAIDE/IAfDslB_9J8/s1600/12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="La reggia di Caserta fuori" border="0" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nmP-T4x-EAo/VblQYBwra3I/AAAAAAAAIDE/IAfDslB_9J8/s320/12.jpg" title="La reggia di Caserta fuori" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cPt6Y2XOQ24/VblQmIxqlbI/AAAAAAAAIGM/njtmZT8fizA/s1600/37.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="La reggia di Caserta letto" border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cPt6Y2XOQ24/VblQmIxqlbI/AAAAAAAAIGM/njtmZT8fizA/s320/37.jpg" title="La reggia di Caserta letto" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PYELl65yJrA/VblQ8wJGkFI/AAAAAAAAILs/U66m2t_gX5s/s1600/81.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="La reggia di Caserta sala" border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PYELl65yJrA/VblQ8wJGkFI/AAAAAAAAILs/U66m2t_gX5s/s320/81.jpg" title="La reggia di Caserta sala" width="320" /></a></div>
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If you have never gone to the palace of Caserta, a visit is obviously a must.<br />Here is the link to the photos, which also found a few more photos made in the Caserta area.<br /><br />
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<a href="https://goo.gl/photos/NXnEwQrhw2JXiNtw8" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">>> Royal Palace of Caserta Photos <<</a></h3>
<br />Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-84276416324152225002017-02-19T03:40:00.004-08:002017-02-19T03:40:54.877-08:00Thailand 2015: SnorkelingWhen I go to the sea, if possible, I like to snorkel.<br />For the uninitiated, with snorkelling it means swimming to the surface to see the fish through a mask and snorkel.<br /><br /><b>Snorkeling</b> is therefore an easy alternative and affordable for everyone (just know how to swim, also not good if you have fins) to scuba diving.<br />Sure, you will not see the most remote seabed and the biggest fish they see divers, but we say that snorkeling can give her great satisfaction.<br /><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-W-nF_h6A3Q8/Veyaz88rSAI/AAAAAAAALjM/EJCIbDUaBH8/s1600/DSCF0874.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Thailandia 2015: Snorkeling" border="0" height="180" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-W-nF_h6A3Q8/Veyaz88rSAI/AAAAAAAALjM/EJCIbDUaBH8/s320/DSCF0874.jpg" title="Thailandia 2015: Snorkeling" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qe9dW04pxd4/Veya4FXMHdI/AAAAAAAALjM/0cQw2O-bM8w/s1600/DSCF0925.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Thailandia 2015 Snorkeling fish" border="0" height="180" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qe9dW04pxd4/Veya4FXMHdI/AAAAAAAALjM/0cQw2O-bM8w/s320/DSCF0925.jpg" title="Thailandia 2015 Snorkeling fish" width="320" /></a></div>
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I have several years I do snorkeling, I started in the Maldives (<a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.it/2016/10/maldives-moofushi.html" target="_blank">read my post on the Maldives</a>), then move on to the Red Sea (<a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.it/2016/10/egypt.html" target="_blank">see my post on Egypt</a>).<br />And I must say that of all the places seen (that are not cmq many), perhaps the best snorkeling I've tried in the Maldives, at least to the size of the fish :-)<br /><br />Snorkeling is nice, but it's also nice to take pictures and video memory, so you need to gear up.<br />At the time of the Maldives I had bought a hermetically sealed envelope made for put inside the camera, for the modest sum of 100 Euros: o<br />A blunder, but I lasted for years, although it actually had become a little 'uncomfortable when I changed camera.<br /><br />In the Philippines (<a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.it/2016/10/philippines-2014-palawan.html" target="_blank">read my post on the Philippines</a>) Instead, I discovered the existence of cellular envelopes door tightly sigigllate, with whom I was able to immerse myself with my smartphone ... for the modest sum of 1 euro ... as changing time: D<br />Sure, a little 'I was scared to use such cheap envelopes, but they seemed shut really well.<br /><br />This year though, because at work I was given a good beautiful Amazon, I bought an underwater camera.<br />The Fujifilm FinePix XP80, nothing exaggerated and professional, but does his duty.<br /><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd1s-2Vz8ydDQtTl8Oa7IBxK2BkXzvTh2BRArMrm2EPDlS6EmB0iMWNxpzR6ONqVSQlURPPD4os0o0WZpmrWf58hyFcVatfnl7v5haFrfs7UUoSiLf0s-L3gyNaF5-9RHyoeOfp56VgRo3/s1600/fujifilm-finepix-xp80.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Fujifilm FinePix XP80" border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd1s-2Vz8ydDQtTl8Oa7IBxK2BkXzvTh2BRArMrm2EPDlS6EmB0iMWNxpzR6ONqVSQlURPPD4os0o0WZpmrWf58hyFcVatfnl7v5haFrfs7UUoSiLf0s-L3gyNaF5-9RHyoeOfp56VgRo3/s320/fujifilm-finepix-xp80.jpg" title="Fujifilm FinePix XP80" width="320" /></a></div>
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Another change this year was the mask.<br />One of the shortcomings of traditional masks with snorkel mask is that after a while 'water boarding or tarnish (especially if it is a professional mask), while the mouthpiece, at least to me, after a while' makes me sick: -)<br />So this year I bought the decathlon a special mask, which envelops you the entire face and with the mouthpiece positioned high, so you do not wet your face and you do not put anything in your mouth.<br />Of course, this is not a professional mask but in my opinion embarks less water (which still puts a lot more to turn up in your eyes or mouth) and gives you more independence ... I also did 3 hours of snorkeling without problems.<br />The only thing is that if you hold too, after a while 'makes you a little' hurt the chin and forehead, also is heavier than a traditional mask ... but you can not have everything in life, no? :)<br />Here is a photo of my armory:<br /><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BX_3afJiTNU/VewDBhAjUpI/AAAAAAAAK8g/WNk-5Oe27QM/s1600/DSCF0929.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="attrezzatura snorkeling" border="0" height="180" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BX_3afJiTNU/VewDBhAjUpI/AAAAAAAAK8g/WNk-5Oe27QM/s320/DSCF0929.jpg" title="attrezzatura snorkeling" width="320" /></a></div>
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Returning to snorkeling made in <b>Thailand</b>, I practiced in the following locations:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.com/2016/10/thailand-2015-railay.html" target="_blank">Railay</a></li>
<li><a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.com/2016/10/thailand-2015-koh-phangan.html" target="_blank">Koh Phangan</a></li>
<li><a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.com/2016/10/thailand-2015-koh-tao.html" target="_blank">Koh Tao</a></li>
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At Railay actually I have not practiced on the spot, but made a few trips to nearby islands.<br />In Koh Phangan instead I practiced right from the beach (Haad Yao and others), as well as in Koh Tao (Tanote Bay and Shark Bay).<br />What about ... what I like the most was the fact snorkeling in Koh Tao: why do you want to Tanote Bay the reef you had just entered the water, either because the water was not murky, either because there was more sun :-)<br /><br />Among other things, always in Koh Tao, more precisely in Shark Bay, I saw sharks and a turtle.<br /><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3jmY__fZupA/VeybPjHcF4I/AAAAAAAALiw/bsX7PE7dvUw/s1600/DSCF1144.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Thailandia 2015 Snorkeling tartaruga" border="0" height="180" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3jmY__fZupA/VeybPjHcF4I/AAAAAAAALiw/bsX7PE7dvUw/s320/DSCF1144.jpg" title="Thailandia 2015 Snorkeling tartaruga" width="320" /></a></div>
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Sharks in question are obviously harmless and indeed, they are the ones to be afraid of you, so that is not easy to be able to photograph them because they run away ... in fact I was not able to make him even a photo: p But I filmed a glimpse , which I then added to this video playlist:<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwFi9zK4muw&list=PLCBrso9WwkFZS31-9lqeJzPOg3cQ5MdQq" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwFi9zK4muw&list=PLCBrso9WwkFZS31-9lqeJzPOg3cQ5MdQq</a><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="305" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/videoseries?list=PLCBrso9WwkFZS31-9lqeJzPOg3cQ5MdQq" width="500"></iframe>
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Unfortunately taking photos while snorkeling is not easy, so in order to have decent photos I usually take a photo tide and if it is okay if it saves 1 out of 10 :)<br />On one side there is the difficulty to frame the target because of the small display to see under the water, the other is the difficulty to stand still and finally it is a matter of light.<br />In fact, if for example the water is not very limida pictures can be blurred, or not very bright if there is little sun.<br />The ideal would be to dive and photograph the subject from the bottom to the top or to the limit at the same level, in order to have more light.<br /><br />Despite all these difficulties, by dint of trying, some decent photo is still coming:<br /><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NhTe8F5qtcw/Veyai-4mMwI/AAAAAAAALZk/C385ZiAbUzc/s1600/DSCF0740.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Thailandia 2015 Snorkeling fondali" border="0" height="180" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NhTe8F5qtcw/Veyai-4mMwI/AAAAAAAALZk/C385ZiAbUzc/s320/DSCF0740.jpg" title="Thailandia 2015 Snorkeling fondali" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kpc_yD9GH-Y/Veya3MsAB5I/AAAAAAAALjk/YXKQntRvw1w/s1600/DSCF0916.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Thailandia 2015 Snorkeling coralli" border="0" height="180" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kpc_yD9GH-Y/Veya3MsAB5I/AAAAAAAALjk/YXKQntRvw1w/s320/DSCF0916.jpg" title="Thailandia 2015 Snorkeling coralli" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NDYcqIdlEjE/Veya56TJE8I/AAAAAAAALjM/zXXqY0sTaIg/s1600/DSCF0949.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Thailandia Snorkeling" border="0" height="180" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NDYcqIdlEjE/Veya56TJE8I/AAAAAAAALjM/zXXqY0sTaIg/s320/DSCF0949.jpg" title="Thailandia Snorkeling" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_hhkhsnlAU8/VeybJTwGg8I/AAAAAAAALjM/l2tAwKBUj-E/s1600/DSCF1157.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Thailandia 2015 Snorkeling tanti pesci" border="0" height="180" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_hhkhsnlAU8/VeybJTwGg8I/AAAAAAAALjM/l2tAwKBUj-E/s320/DSCF1157.jpg" title="Thailandia 2015 Snorkeling tanti pesci" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-J0KvipZvEHc/VeybK_yvfGI/AAAAAAAALhQ/mqzkffOFLBE/s1600/DSCF1167.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Thailandia 2015 Snorkeling pesce lungo" border="0" height="180" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-J0KvipZvEHc/VeybK_yvfGI/AAAAAAAALhQ/mqzkffOFLBE/s320/DSCF1167.jpg" title="Thailandia 2015 Snorkeling pesce lungo" width="320" /></a></div>
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And with that with Thailand's it ... at least for this year :-)<br />To see the rest of the photos I leave the link to the full gallery, enjoy!<br /><br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://goo.gl/photos/SCvnXwCAntFwV9oc8" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">>> Thailandia Snorkeling Photos <<</a></h3>
<br />Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-89100278645684508772017-02-19T03:29:00.001-08:002017-02-19T03:29:06.939-08:00Expo 2015 (Milan, Italy)Despite having free tickets to go to the <b>Expo 2015</b>, I always put it, at least until now.<br />Perhaps because the main theme "Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life", I was fascinated by that much, although I admit that it is a fairly important issue: p<br /><br />Anyway, finally today (actually yesterday, Wednesday, 12 August) and I decided in the early morning I went to visit the expo.<br /><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHFt8qdrH4uev0AunEmMMbuIgU4MQfLuMpqkEZS5rSn7R4rrVbHOAEEXzZ1TpEsV4GMTa_VDMk3_dWWdZmtAyI3TgoF8LYTLq2AIVZVJY_r-ZdnCydhxddo679fYir67rAJCxdSD4FhefL/s1600/P8128343.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Expo 2015 esterno" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHFt8qdrH4uev0AunEmMMbuIgU4MQfLuMpqkEZS5rSn7R4rrVbHOAEEXzZ1TpEsV4GMTa_VDMk3_dWWdZmtAyI3TgoF8LYTLq2AIVZVJY_r-ZdnCydhxddo679fYir67rAJCxdSD4FhefL/s320/P8128343.jpg" title="Expo 2015 esterno" width="320" /></a></div>
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To enter I found a lot of row.<br />It was 10 am and there was already a lot of people, but there were too many entries and so within minutes I passed the metal detector and I finally crossed the entrance of this huge exposure.<br /><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ts8nsVpfQPQ/VcuVAmild7I/AAAAAAAAIxQ/v2xRR9Rh3Gs/s1600/P8128353.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Expo 2015 capannoni" border="0" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ts8nsVpfQPQ/VcuVAmild7I/AAAAAAAAIxQ/v2xRR9Rh3Gs/s320/P8128353.jpg" title="Expo 2015 capannoni" width="320" /></a></div>
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What strikes the expo is obviously its size.<br />The expo is located in Rho Milan (easily reached with the respective Red Line subway, by train, with several bus ... and obviously in the car) and occupies an area of 110 hectares.<br /><br />In this vast area countries around the world they have their exhibition halls, each built with their own characteristic architecture and in food products, raw materials, but also much more.<br /><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zHNcZy-R1M8/VcuU_wzamcI/AAAAAAAAIvw/sKX6wTQIwDE/s1600/P8128351.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Expo 2015 auto pane" border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zHNcZy-R1M8/VcuU_wzamcI/AAAAAAAAIvw/sKX6wTQIwDE/s320/P8128351.jpg" title="Expo 2015 auto pane" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tQc9wSjwI2Y/VcuVCap9fII/AAAAAAAAIv0/qzuTew4k5gI/s1600/P8128361.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Expo 2015 padiglione" border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tQc9wSjwI2Y/VcuVCap9fII/AAAAAAAAIv0/qzuTew4k5gI/s320/P8128361.jpg" title="Expo 2015 padiglione" width="320" /></a></div>
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There are small halls (such as those of the unknown African countries) and huge pavilions.<br /><br />To visit the expo not just a day, mostly because the most beautiful halls and famous have queues even longer than two hours.<br /><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VHrVXIqYdvU/VcuVypHiEqI/AAAAAAAAIxE/7LS7HjMfsB4/s1600/P8128555.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Expo 2015 code" border="0" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VHrVXIqYdvU/VcuVypHiEqI/AAAAAAAAIxE/7LS7HjMfsB4/s320/P8128555.jpg" title="Expo 2015 code" width="320" /></a></div>
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For this reason, during my first and perhaps only visit the expo, I have given up visiting the most beautiful pavilions.<br />Farsi 2 hours queue under the sun to see a pavilion that you do not even know if we will like to me is unacceptable!<br />I wonder if it's always like that or if I caught me a particular influx day ... ok that's August, but was also a midweek day.<br />It was almost worse than the terrible queues all'<a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.com/2017/02/eurodisney-paris.html" target="_blank">Eurodisney Paris</a> :-)<br /><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-A_uB0vLpLb8/VcuVEGOzStI/AAAAAAAAIxM/3bVZL2lO5bk/s1600/P8128366.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Expo 2015 coda" border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-A_uB0vLpLb8/VcuVEGOzStI/AAAAAAAAIxM/3bVZL2lO5bk/s320/P8128366.jpg" title="Expo 2015 coda" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SueZPrhTSLY/VcuVVy47hPI/AAAAAAAAIv4/Kr7J0MbOa4Q/s1600/P8128433.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Expo 2015 coda allucinante" border="0" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SueZPrhTSLY/VcuVVy47hPI/AAAAAAAAIv4/Kr7J0MbOa4Q/s320/P8128433.jpg" title="Expo 2015 coda allucinante" width="320" /></a></div>
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Waiting aside, a visit to the <b>Expo 2015</b> is a must if you are in Italy, a bit 'less if you come especially from abroad.<br />For the city of Milan, in addition, the expo was an occasion of great improvement, as it were realized many works and renovations, one example is <a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.com/2017/01/the-dock-of-milan-darsena.html" target="_blank">the dock</a>.<br /><br />Plus many photos, I also made some short videos, which I collected in this <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2plEbel0IA&list=PLCBrso9WwkFZobSW8SAS_eDcnG3fOuuDf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">playlist</a>.<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="305" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/G2plEbel0IA?list=PLCBrso9WwkFZobSW8SAS_eDcnG3fOuuDf" width="540"></iframe>
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Among the various attractions available at the expo, perhaps the most famous is the tree of life, also became known for the controversy created by its extreme similarity to those found in Singapore (<a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.it/2016/10/singapore-2014-trip.html" target="_blank">read my post on Singapore</a>).<br /><br />Although not very original, the result in my opinion is still great.<br /><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Ippg8U7iUBs/VcuVtA6GCaI/AAAAAAAAIxE/bJeVAv5U4g4/s1600/P8128536.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Expo 2015 albero della vita" border="0" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Ippg8U7iUBs/VcuVtA6GCaI/AAAAAAAAIxE/bJeVAv5U4g4/s320/P8128536.jpg" title="Expo 2015 albero della vita" width="320" /></a></div>
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Well, but let's go ... I liked the expo? I go back?<br />Yes, I liked it, though perhaps seeing how much we have invested, I expected something better.<br />As mentioned before, the big problem of the expo are the long queues.<br />The wait ruined everything and in some cases (as in mine) actually does give up the visit of the pavilions.<br />So I guess I will not go back, partly because entry costs too much and I have no more free tickets, at most I would go in the evening ... but costing little I already imagine the crush ...<br /><br />Whereas everything will then be dismantled (apart from the beautiful fountains that distributed free drinking water, including sparkling, which will be reinstalled in some countries dell'interland Milan) I wonder what sense do these shows where you work for years to focus all in a few months.<br />I would have left everything open for years, in order to distribute the flow of people and make it more livable.<br />Of course you do not have a spike in earnings as now, and it's hard to keep up such a large structure for so long, but maybe it was worth a try ...<br /><br />Well, that's all, I hope not to have discouraged too :-)<br />If you have not already done so, you can visit the expo until 31 October 2015 (the exhibition opened its doors on May 1, 2015).<br />Enjoy the show with more than 200 pictures I took at the Expo.<br /><div style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://goo.gl/photos/bTELP7YPuCoJJTWi6" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">>> Expo 2015 Photos <<</a></h3>
<br />Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-65001736384275809592017-02-19T03:14:00.000-08:002017-02-19T03:14:01.050-08:00The Louvre MuseumThe <b>Louvre Museum</b> is located in <a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.com/2016/10/paris-trip.html" target="_blank">Paris</a>, France and is one of the largest and most famous museums in the world.<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IHhhnNRFdBI/VazqzAisOpI/AAAAAAAAGwI/qJ2RXBbMySU/s1600/01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Il museo del Louvre" border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IHhhnNRFdBI/VazqzAisOpI/AAAAAAAAGwI/qJ2RXBbMySU/s320/01.jpg" title="Il museo del Louvre" width="320" /></a></div>
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Originally intended as a fortress, after undergoing a number of changes and unions of most buildings, the Louvre became a museum already in 1793, but it took many years to become the largest museum that we all know.<br /><br />I went there during my trip to Paris in 2010 and I must say that I really enjoyed this museum, although I am not the type to museums :)<br />Its immensity, its variety and the atmosphere in the interior are unique in the world.<br /><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yt7AsRj3vtM/Vazq6RjtHrI/AAAAAAAAGxo/PTmtwDje84w/s1600/13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Il museo del Louvre interno" border="0" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yt7AsRj3vtM/Vazq6RjtHrI/AAAAAAAAGxo/PTmtwDje84w/s320/13.jpg" title="Il museo del Louvre interno" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJDERD0FnvVDHkh6cY-IPiMGouFLIaij6t53uwqeBOeAbUPmSW_OdhuGvTXpOk9QNNiiKKaNn0H4gg0SyHth_3-Koa2AWyQDKhD6qOdgWHZfeUDKWfegJbVcBsYjCeq8uRXcWotlZaylRU/s1600/60.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Il museo del Louvre piramide dentro" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJDERD0FnvVDHkh6cY-IPiMGouFLIaij6t53uwqeBOeAbUPmSW_OdhuGvTXpOk9QNNiiKKaNn0H4gg0SyHth_3-Koa2AWyQDKhD6qOdgWHZfeUDKWfegJbVcBsYjCeq8uRXcWotlZaylRU/s320/60.jpg" title="Il museo del Louvre piramide dentro" width="320" /></a></div>
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As unique in the world are the works contained within it, one for all: the <u>Mona Lisa</u>!<br />The Mona Lisa is surely the most photographed work of art in the museum, although for a long time it was forbidden to every shot ... or maybe remember correctly ... was prohibited only use the flash: p<br /><br />To you a bit 'of photos of the Louvre, I bet you will have definitely visited.<br /><br />
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<a href="https://goo.gl/photos/8PGL86AHNQzqstHj7" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">>> Louvre Photos <<</a></h3>
<br />Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-31688007921530726142017-02-19T03:10:00.003-08:002017-02-19T03:10:46.978-08:00The Chateau de Versailles<b>The Chateau de Versailles</b> is located in Versailles (really?), In France.<br />Being close to <a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.com/2016/10/paris-trip.html" target="_blank">Paris</a>, I went there when I visited the French capital (in 2010).<br /><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RfM8nQemQJc/VazpwtTME1I/AAAAAAAAGiM/Jpw9CqiHZ1o/s1600/004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="La reggia di Versailles" border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RfM8nQemQJc/VazpwtTME1I/AAAAAAAAGiM/Jpw9CqiHZ1o/s320/004.jpg" title="La reggia di Versailles" width="320" /></a></div>
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The palace was the residence of King Louis XIV and his successors, to become what it is today, which is an attraction turisticha which each year attracts millions of people.<br />With its 67,000 m² of land, its windows in 2513 and its 700 rooms, the palace of Versailles can keep its visitors busy for an entire day.<br /><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-99yu1iXSP6Q/VazpzuWatQI/AAAAAAAAGjM/y5-rKuB-w9o/s1600/012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="La reggia di Versailles archi" border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-99yu1iXSP6Q/VazpzuWatQI/AAAAAAAAGjM/y5-rKuB-w9o/s320/012.jpg" title="La reggia di Versailles archi" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3u4IIRTUWjw/VazqCquCh3I/AAAAAAAAGnU/5aMmnBhmrEU/s1600/045.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="La reggia di Versailles giardini" border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3u4IIRTUWjw/VazqCquCh3I/AAAAAAAAGnU/5aMmnBhmrEU/s320/045.jpg" title="La reggia di Versailles giardini" width="320" /></a></div>
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To me personally the trip to Versailles loved it, although I'm not an expert on the history of French and I lost a lot of backstory that occurred in the past in those immense halls.<br />But there is to say that with the entry wanting you also provide an audio guide, so a little 'culture succeed you do the same :)<br />Enjoy the show with the photos!<br /><br />
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<a href="https://goo.gl/photos/cs2UD5tMngKJA7rB6" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">>> Versailles Photos <<</a></h3>
<br />Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-63946307453135538512017-02-19T03:06:00.001-08:002017-02-19T03:06:14.698-08:00Eurodisney ParisToday I wanted to talk dell'Eurodisney Paris.<br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SzDcrUCbBXs/Vau4GZWINcI/AAAAAAAAGH8/Wck33IodGrU/s1600/002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Eurodisney Parigi" border="0" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SzDcrUCbBXs/Vau4GZWINcI/AAAAAAAAGH8/Wck33IodGrU/s320/002.jpg" title="Eurodisney Parigi" width="320" /></a></div>
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Disneyland there are several in the world: there is one in California, one in Florida, one in Hong Kong (<a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.it/2016/10/hong-kong-2014-trip.html" target="_blank">read my post about Hong Kong</a>), one in Tokyo (<a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.it/2016/10/japan-2009.html" target="_blank">read my post on Japan</a>) and one for the 'precisely in Paris (<a href="http://todayisanotherpost.blogspot.it/2016/10/paris-trip.html" target="_blank">read my post on Paris</a>).<br /><br />Yes, but is it Disneyland?<br />The answer is simple, Disneyland is a theme playground, an amusement park with attractions that mainly recall the Disney cartoons.<br />You know Gardaland? Here is the same, only much bigger and beautiful :-)<br /><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-59pt_57EO6s/Vau4H20R_vI/AAAAAAAAGIU/2BCWgqD1gnA/s1600/005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Eurodisney Parigi scopa" border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-59pt_57EO6s/Vau4H20R_vI/AAAAAAAAGIU/2BCWgqD1gnA/s320/005.jpg" title="Eurodisney Parigi scopa" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZti_9tdnaEZ925K-S5o2ioC-wAqDoTj1VYHlzvrO8PwX_sC5AberAjHuNKRsmwTeRjN1NJrvQMjzDbMIHrmoZWi1scoa6Hd6ZRqiZLnEvk4_fbM8yxPdijFWAY1TdDxv-NMfeXnQkWXV5/s1600/020.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Eurodisney Parigi robot" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZti_9tdnaEZ925K-S5o2ioC-wAqDoTj1VYHlzvrO8PwX_sC5AberAjHuNKRsmwTeRjN1NJrvQMjzDbMIHrmoZWi1scoa6Hd6ZRqiZLnEvk4_fbM8yxPdijFWAY1TdDxv-NMfeXnQkWXV5/s320/020.jpg" title="Eurodisney Parigi robot" width="320" /></a></div>
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Not necessarily have to be of the children to appreciate this kind of parks, indeed, various attractions and breathtaking rides they are not even suitable for children.<br />And 'no doubt, however, that the magic you feel in an amusement park is unique with so many theme shows and various celebrities extras (Disney of course).<br /><br />When I went there, in 2010, I made a daytrip, but I know that makes the park in the evening, with musical performances and incredible fireworks.<br />The park is still immense and I think it is not enough for a whole day to try all the rides, if only for the tail that is in some attractions.<br /><br />Code aside, inevitable in this kind of parks, Disneyland is definitely worth a visit if you are in Paris.<br /><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jWfZuvqT2hI/Vau4doU4wcI/AAAAAAAAGN0/as0cIOhnf9g/s1600/046.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Eurodisney Parigi castello" border="0" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jWfZuvqT2hI/Vau4doU4wcI/AAAAAAAAGN0/as0cIOhnf9g/s320/046.jpg" title="Eurodisney Parigi castello" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Dpui4MHtMMb6agJ-eRqZin_W4s5O9xrDD8Dht73qnaLVAEppeOSKnML6mE9BV1gW7Jb7Wf915PeMl2yQ5b0L8EMDh3LI6xzEBFYrcD-tHuOSFdnRxRsZhIQZPPtIbHrkMXryocLsPmj4/s1600/078.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Eurodisney Parigi carte" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Dpui4MHtMMb6agJ-eRqZin_W4s5O9xrDD8Dht73qnaLVAEppeOSKnML6mE9BV1gW7Jb7Wf915PeMl2yQ5b0L8EMDh3LI6xzEBFYrcD-tHuOSFdnRxRsZhIQZPPtIbHrkMXryocLsPmj4/s320/078.jpg" title="Eurodisney Parigi carte" width="320" /></a></div>
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I could spend a lot of other words (not true, I do not know what to say: p), but as usual I will leave to speak my pictures ... enjoy!<br />
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<a href="https://goo.gl/photos/xerLVZ23cj6wN8VXA" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">>> Euro Disney Photos <<</a></h3>
<br />Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-14453702009455284032017-02-17T13:12:00.000-08:002017-02-17T13:12:20.065-08:00Burj Khalifa, the tallest skyscraper in the worldHave you ever seen the view from the top floor of the <b>Burj Khalifa</b>?<br />Like what is the Burj Khalifa? The Burj Khalifa (Caliph Tower) is <b>the tallest skyscraper in the world</b>!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg8I86dE50_1QEsO5hw5S-ZKaxDxu0_o57Om0fFROVvSEx9s1nmq5Zwvku4rhn7-fc3I2IJpc6P8af2qiyJ9IG8Q5gWk5xwy5L1L19hbPskDAYEPhi1MRt3rn-3b2Eb_h6kRSjht4R8j-b/s1600/Burj-Khalifa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Burj Khalifa, il grattacielo più alto del mondo" border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg8I86dE50_1QEsO5hw5S-ZKaxDxu0_o57Om0fFROVvSEx9s1nmq5Zwvku4rhn7-fc3I2IJpc6P8af2qiyJ9IG8Q5gWk5xwy5L1L19hbPskDAYEPhi1MRt3rn-3b2Eb_h6kRSjht4R8j-b/s320/Burj-Khalifa.jpg" title="Burj Khalifa, il grattacielo più alto del mondo" width="320" /></a></div>
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Located in Dubai (UAE), the Burj Khalifa includes a (growing) of 2 km² called Downtown Burj Khalifa.<br /><br />The construction of Burj Khalifa began in September 2004 and ended in October 2009, but the building was opened to the public only in January 2010.<br />Then the world's tallest skyscraper was built in just over 5 years!<br /><br />
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How tall is the tallest skyscraper in the world?</h3>
But how high is the Burj Khalifa? This is the question that everyone is asking will stand.<br />The Burj Khalifa is the same height 828 meters.<br />Not bad right? Whereas the tallest skyscraper in Italy, the Isozaki Tower, is high "only" 207 meters, the Burj Khalifa is almost 4 times as much!<br /><br /><b>The Burj Khalifa records</b><br />The Burj Khalifa (currently 2015) beats several records:<ul>
<li>The highest skyscraper in the world, but generally also the highest human construction in the world (828 meters).</li>
<li>The building with more plans (163 plans).</li>
<li>The building with the highest lifts in the world.</li>
<li>The building with the fastest elevators in the world (18 m / s = 64 km / h).</li>
<li>The building with the cement highest range (606 meters).</li>
<li>The building with the outdoor viewing platform the world's highest.</li>
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<br /><br />So if you're ever in Dubai, remember to pay a visit to the Burj Khalifa, after all, you will be impossible not to see it: pOggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-23413222993020981792017-02-06T00:11:00.003-08:002017-05-02T11:09:47.855-07:00Genetics (2/8): MeiosisParents move to encoded information in the form of children hereditary units called genes, and tens of thousands of genes that each individual receives from his father and mother constitute its genome.<br />
Genes are segments of DNA, which in the eukaryotic cell is localized in the nucleus chromosomes.<br />
Each chromosome is formed by a long DNA molecule wound in a spiral and associated with various proteins, also each chromosome includes hundreds / thousands of genes, each of which occupies a particular portion of the DNA molecule.<br />
The specific location of a gene on the chromosome is called locus.<br />
The genetic link with parents gives rise to the similarities and the hereditary information is transmitted in the form of specific nucleotide sequence that constitutes each gene.<br />
The majority of genes induces the cells to synthesize specific enzymes or other proteins, and only the combined action of these gives rise to a particular hereditary character.<br />
The DNA replication allows to produce copies of genes that can be transmitted through the sperm and the egg cell.<br />
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The riproduzzione asexual occurs when an individual is the only parent and forward a copy of all the genes to their offspring, through mitosis, where the genome of the offspring is an exact copy of the parent's.<br />
Only rarely there are differences with this riproduzzione, due to genetic mutations, otherwise the copy of the parent is defined clone.<br />
The riproduzzione instead sexed, takes place by means of 2 parents and determines a greater genetic variability.<br />
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<span style="color: purple;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Meiosis</b></span></span></h3>
<span style="color: purple;"><span style="color: black;">The life cycle of an organism is the complete sequence of the various phases of growth and development, from fertilization to play the gametes.<br />In humans, each somatic cell, or any other cell by the sperm and egg cells, is equipped with 46 chromosomes.<br />
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<span style="color: purple;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5hSVjbE4_2wdxa9u6BDGkWxJLPhhScyJHmhoT11gb4f0iec-pAjZaT3wRYHkP0jiQUF4UAvMvWmqIVteZuMz0pBP4NyRFHkmtU_K-SpAvUoLtLZ6FgDvFj4FpokQQVgBuYYzZ4qAi6_Mx/s1600/cromosomiomologhi.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="cromosoma" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5hSVjbE4_2wdxa9u6BDGkWxJLPhhScyJHmhoT11gb4f0iec-pAjZaT3wRYHkP0jiQUF4UAvMvWmqIVteZuMz0pBP4NyRFHkmtU_K-SpAvUoLtLZ6FgDvFj4FpokQQVgBuYYzZ4qAi6_Mx/s1600/cromosomiomologhi.jpg" style="display: inline;" title="cromosoma" /></a></span></span></div>
There are 2 chromosomes for each type, and each chromosome is characterized by the size and position of the centromere.<br />
The karyotype is a picture ordered colored chromosomes of an individual, where there are pairs of chromosomes or chromosomes of the same length and the same position of the centromere and an equal part of colored bands, called homologous chromosomes.<br />
The two chromosomes of a pair of homologous carry genes that control the same hereditary characters.<br />
The female individuals possess a pair of homologous chromosomes XX, while males have XY, where only small segments of these 2 chromosomes are homologous, in fact most of the genes that are in X, are not in Y, and are defined sex chromosomes, while the other chromosomes are called autosomes.<br />
Every individual inherits 23 chromosomes from one parent and 23 on the other.<br />
The sperm and the egg cells are called gametes have 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome X or Y.<br />
A cell characterized by a single set of chromosomes is called the haploid cell, and in humans the haploid number n equals 23.<br />
The union of gametes is called fertilization or syngamy, where the fertilized egg resulting zygote, haploid chromosome contains 2 kits and for this reason is called diploid cell, and man the diploid number 2n is equal to 46.<br />
During the development of the zygote genes are reproduced through mitosis, and the only cells in the body that do not arise by mitosis are the gametes, which are produced by the gonads, the ovaries in women and testes in males.<br />
If the gametes were produced by mitosis, at each generation would double the number of chromosomes.<br />
The riproduzzione so sexual, maintains constant the number of chromosomes in half the gametes chromosomes in a process known as meiosis, which occurs only in animals in the gonads.<br />
So mitosis provides for keeping constant the number of chromosomes, meiosis instead halves them.<br />
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There are 3 main bilogici sexed cycles in animals, fungi and plants and algae.<br />
In the gametes animal cycle are the only haploid cells of the organism and meiosis it occurs during their production.<br />
The diploid zygote is then divided by mitosis giving rise to a multicellular diploid organism.<br />
Depending on the cycle (animals, fungi ...) haploid cells can divide by mitosis or meiosis, but the diploid cells can divide only by meiosis.<br />
Haploid cells produced by meiosis in the plant cycle are the spores.<br />
In all cycles, each event of halving or doubling of the number of chromosomes contributes to increase the genetic variability between descendants.<br />
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<b>Stages of meiosis</b>:<br />
And 'it preceded by DNA replication, which is followed by two consecutive cell divisions known as meiosis I and meiosis II.<br />
These divisions lead to the production of four daughter cells, each with half the chromosomes.<br />
The 2 chromosomes that constitute a pair of homologous chromosomes are single, one of which is the other of maternal and paternal origin, which are very similar to each other but not identical.<br />
The stages of meiosis are:<br />
<u>Interphase</u>: DNA replication occurs<br />
<u>Meiosis I</u>: Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I and cytokinesis.<br />
<u>Meiosis II</u>: Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II Telophase II and cytokinesis.<br />
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Meiosis in detail:<br />
<b>Interphase</b>: precedes meiosis real and happens DNA duplication of each chromosome, at the end of this process each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids are genetically identical, which are mutually joined at the level of the centromere, centrosomes also duplicate forming 2 pairs of centrioles.<br />
<b>Prophase I</b>: the chromosomes begin to condense and counterparts join in pairs, with the synapse homologous chromosomes come together, forming tetrads. Chromatids of chromosomes intersect keeping them united to form said heat-exchange points chiasmus, then the pairs of centrioles move away from each other and form the spindle microtubules, dissolves the nuclear envelope and nucleoli, and microtubules make contact with the kinetochores starting to migrate toward the metaphase plate. Prophase I can last days and represents over 90% of the total time of meiosis.<br />
<b>Metaphase I</b>: The pairs of homologous chromosomes are arranged on piatra metaphase and microtubule kinetochore of one pole become attached to a chromosome of each pair, while the opposite pole of the spindle fibers attach to the homologous chromosome.<br />
<b>Anaphase I</b>: The spindle apparatus guides the movement of chromosomes toward the poles (the brothers are always united to the centromere).<br />
Telophase I and cytokinesis: Continue the migration of chromosomes, and eventually to each pole there is a haploid set of chromosomes, both of cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) which gives rise to two daughter cells, in animal cells where it forms a cleavage furrow, while in plant cells to buy a cell plate. Before the second meiotic division never occurs further replication of the genetic material.<br />
<b>Prophase II</b>: Compare the spindle apparatus and chromosomes are close to the plate of metaphase II.<br />
<b>Metaphase II</b>: The chromosomes are arranged on the metaphase plate with kinetochores of sister chromatids of each chromosome facing the opposite poles.<br />
<b>Anaphase II</b>: The centromeres of the brothers are separated and the sister chromatids of each chromosome migrate to opposite poles of the cell as individual chromosomes.<br />
Telophase II and cytokinesis: At opposite poles of the cell begin to reform nuclei and cytokinesis occurs. At the end of the process there are 4 daughter cells, each with a haploid number of chromosomes consisting of a single chromatid.<br />
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Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-79434800867138550042017-02-05T23:58:00.000-08:002017-05-02T11:08:44.251-07:00Genetics (1/8): The cell cycle and mitosis<b>Genetics</b> is the science that studies the hereditary characteristics of organisms and their transmission.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: black;">The key roles of cell division</span></h3>
<span style="color: purple;"><span style="color: black;">Even after the completion of the development of the organism, cell division continues to have an important role because it serves to replace dead cells to aging or damaged cells.<br />Cell division involves the distribution of the same genetic material, the DNA, the two daughter cells.<br />The total genetic DNA of a cell constitutes the genome.<br />The eukaryotic genomes have a variable number of DNA molecules.<br />Before cell division, all of the DNA to be copied, and the 2 copies must be separated so that the 2 daughter cells possess a complete genome.<br />The DNA molecules are packaged within the chromosomes, and any eukaryotic species has a specific number of chromosomes inside the cell nucleus, in human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes, while in the reproductive cells (gametes), chromosomes are 23 .<br />In each chromosome is a DNA molecule that contains hundreds or thousands of genes.<br />The DNA is associated with proteins that maintain chromosome structure and help to control the activity of genes, and this organized along a thin filament association is called chromatin.<br />After that the cell has duplicated the DNA, the chromatin condenses and presents a narrowing of the area in the vicinity of a specialized call centromere area.<br />After each chromosome replication consists of two sister chromatids, which after the separation recede forming 2 complete sets of chromosomes in two new nuclei.<br />Mitosis is the division of the nucleus, which is usually followed by cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm.<br />After these sequences, by a cell are born 2 new cells.<br /><br />While playing, the child inherits 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent, which are combined in the nucleus of a single cell, when one father's sperm joins an egg of the mother cell to form a fertilized egg (zygote).<br />The reproduction of the gametes occurs through meiosis, which leads to the production of daughter cells which possess the half of the chromosomes of the parent cell.<br />Meiosis occurs only in the gonads (ovaries and testes).</span></span><br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: purple;"><span style="color: black;">The mitotic cell cycle</span></span></h3>
<span style="color: purple;"><span style="color: black;">Mitosis is only part of the cell cycle.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-HGCjWWqKG0SQ4N2FHYuzAWUcN6ef8DP4aJWmMhmvD0_ZA7HEJjMwMzWxGQFbBOCYPgRd4fWmuOHnQW9BYwQMAmpQGGqTcJXaQ9HVeVNx9kq-4vz9wB5ZL6TIg_6HCFEkBIjPV91SsVm1/s1600/ciclocellulare.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Il ciclo cellulare mitotico" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-HGCjWWqKG0SQ4N2FHYuzAWUcN6ef8DP4aJWmMhmvD0_ZA7HEJjMwMzWxGQFbBOCYPgRd4fWmuOHnQW9BYwQMAmpQGGqTcJXaQ9HVeVNx9kq-4vz9wB5ZL6TIg_6HCFEkBIjPV91SsVm1/s1600/ciclocellulare.gif" style="display: inline;" title="Il ciclo cellulare mitotico" /></a></div>
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The mitotic phase or M phase includes mitosis and cytokinesis and is the shortest phase of the cell cycle.<br />
Before it happens again mitosis there is a longer phase, the interphase, which occupies approximately 90% of the cycle.<br />
During interphase the cell grows and copy their chromosomes in preparation for division.<br />
The interphase can be divided into 3 sub-steps: first interval G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase (the second interval).<br />
During the sub-phases, the cell grows by producing proteins and synthesizing organelles, while the chromosomes are duplicated only in S phase<br />
A cell then grows in the G1 phase, continues to grow while copying the chromosomes in the S phase, completed his preparation for growth to the division in the G2 phase and is divided into M phase<br />
Mitosis is then divided into 5 phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.<br />
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Many of the events of mitosis dependent on the mitotic spindle, a structure consisting of fibers of microtubule associated proteins.<br />
The construction of the spindle microtubules begins at the centrosome, a non-membranous organelles, which requires the demolition of part of the microtubule cytoskeleton because there is enough material for its construction.<br />
When you go into mitosis the two centrosomes are positioned near the nucleus, and move away during the prophase and prometaphase, producing the spindle microtubules.<br />
Before the end of prometaphase the two centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell and are called spindle poles.<br />
Each of the two chromatids of a chromosome has a kinetochore, a structure made of protein and certain portions of DNA chromosomal centrometro.<br />
During prometaphase kinetochores 1 of 2 is anchored by spindle microtubules, then the microtubules of opposite pole bind other kinetochore, making a kind of tug of war, ending in a draw, leaving the chromosome at the center.<br />
In metaphase, the microtubules that do not stick overlap and the centrometri all duplicated chromosomes are on a plan called the metaphase plate, midway between the two poles.<br />
During anaphase the chromosomes become chromatids are separated and move to opposite poles of the cell, at the end of this phase are located at opposite poles and the cell is stretched along its polar axis.<br />
The nuclei are formed again during telophase, and then starts cytokinesis.<br />
Cytokinesis occurs through the split, which begins with the appearance of a cleavage furrow, which starts to look like a little gap on the cell surface near the old metaphase plate, then the groove is deepened to strangle the mother cell and in 2 producing two completely separate daughters.<br />
On the cytoplasmic side of the trench is a contractile ring of microfilaments consisting of actin and myosin, which contracting create the groove.<br />
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And 'likely that mitosis have originated in the most simple mechanisms of riprozione bacterial cell, in fact prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission, and most bacterial genes is contained in a single bacterial chromosome.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: purple;"><span style="color: black;">The cell cycle regulation</span></span></h3>
<span style="color: purple;"><span style="color: black;">Different cell types have different frequencies of cell divisions, and for example, nerve cells and muscle cells of an adult man do not divide ever.<br /><br />The sequence of cell cycle events is directed by a specific cell cycle control system, a set of cyclically active molecules within the cell, which triggers and coordinates the key events of the cycle.<br />This control system works independently, driven by a built orgologio, and is subjected to external and internal adjustment.<br /><br />A point of a cell cycle control is a critical point through which the stop and start signals can pass through the loop.<br />These signals indicate that up to that point have been completed correctly cellular processes, and if it is necessary or not to restart the cell cycle.<br />The three main control points are located in the G1, G2, and M.<br />For many cells the most important point seems to be the G1, said restriction point.<br />If the cell does not receive a signal it exits the loop and enters a state where it does not split, called G0 phase (most of the human body is at this stage).<br /><br />The regulating molecules are of type protein kinase, that is, enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins through phosphorylation.<br />The kinase for activation must tie a cyclin, cyclin-dependent kinase forming (Cdk).<br />The of Cdk activity increases or decreases depending on the concentration of cyclin.<br />The MPF is a complex of cdk and is a factor that drives the cell to pass the G2 checkpoint to enter the M-phase, by acting both directly and indirectly, and after the M phase, the MPF is autodisattiva.<br />The enzyme portion of MPF, the Cdk, remains inactive until it binds with cyclin in a new cycle.<br /> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: purple;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Internal signals</b><br />A signal that delays the anaphase originates from kinetochores who have not yet attached to the microtubule spindle, when certain proteins trigger a signaling pathway that maintains an inactive promotion dell'anafase complex (APC), and this waiting signal ceases only when all kinetochores are attached to the spindle.<br />The APC then becomes active and indirectly triggers the cyclin degradation and inactivation of proteins that hold sister chromatids together.<br /> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: purple;"><span style="color: black;"><b>External signals</b><br />A growth factor is a protein released by cells, which stimulates the division of other cells.<br />The mammalian cells divide in culture only if the soil contains specific growth factors, and in general, each type of cell responds to certain growth factors or in combinations of them.<br />The density-dependent inhibition is a phenomenon which consists in stopping cell division due to crowding.<br />For example, if some cells are removed from the culture leaving a space, neighboring cells are duplicated until you fill that space.<br />The anchorage dependency is when to divide a cell must be anchored to a substrate, such as the inner surface of the culture vessel or the extracellular matrix of a tissue.<br /><br /><b>Cancer cells</b><br />Cancer cells are cells that divide excessively escaping the control of the organism, invading other tissues, if left unchecked can kill the whole organism.<br />In fact they ignore the normal signals that regulate the cell cycle, do not show contact inhibition and do not need of growth factors in the culture medium.<br />They can independently produce a certain growth factor and may present anomalies in the loop control system, ceasing to be divided into random points of the cycle.<br />Normal cells divide only 20 to 50 times before dying, as cancer cells, however, if continuously fed can divide indefinitely, they are immortal.<br />The cell transformation occurs when it is converted to normal in tumor cell that manages to escape the immune surveillance, which normally destroys foreign organisms.<br />The tumor is a mass of abnormal cells within a tissue for normal rest.<br />The benign tumor is when the abnormal cells remain in their original site, in which case that part can be removed surgically.<br />The malignant tumor is when abnormal cells spread in the body by damaging the functions of one or more organs.<br />Cancer is synonymous with malignancy.<br />These cells also may have an unusual number of chromosomes and their metabolism can be upset, and because of cell surface changes, lose contact with other similar cells and with the extracellular substrate, spreading to nearby tissues.<br />These cells can also be separated from the original tumor and enter the blood vessels, invading other parts of the body, causing other cancers, in a phenomenon called metastasis.<br /> </span></span><br />
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Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-48315719593031221682017-02-03T14:36:00.002-08:002017-02-03T14:54:13.490-08:00Parenting and teenage children (5/5): Conclusions<b>Parents and Puberty</b><br />
It therefore seems that there is a crisis in parental roles, a sort of reversal, now the mother works and has more authority in the home, and the father has instead almost a crisis of authority.<br />
It has also a change with regard to the evolution of educational attitudes and affective experiences of parents that are triggered by the growth of the child process.<br />
The peace reached with the rules of democracy, however, is undermined by the preadolescent period, where kids are changing and parents should take note, must neither ignore completely the thing, nor stifle it, otherwise it may affect the baby's development and you can have cases of eternal children, who do not detach from the family more.<br />
The process of raising children is therefore influenced by the tuning of the parents to change their children.<br />
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<b>Sexuality and rules</b><br />
During middle school children start having their first experiences with sex, and that decrees the end of childhood and the beginning of preadolescence.<br />
Compared to the past, today's parents are pleased with the sexual growth of their children, they are complicit, and sexual desire for children is not seen as a threat to the rules.<br />
The children therefore are not raised with the obligation to respect ethical standards, moral, sacred, but it has a sex liberalization, no longer see sex as a sin that goes against God, but as something that grows.<br />
Parents only hasten to warn the children of sexual or unwanted pregnancies of possible virus risks, and do not want to take advantage of the sexual phenomena to convey values and laws.<br />
Recent studies show that sex is no longer a major cause of guilt and problems in the family, it is now seen more naturally and indeed, unethical rules are easily observed and help to strengthen the relationship between parents and children.<br />
Virginity is no longer a valuable asset to be preserved, but you share the belief that sex should be done with the right person at the right time.<br />
Parents cmq, at this stage of transit, are more concerned about the character of the change that the acquisition of secondary sexual characteristics.<br />
In the 60's there was the prohibition of sex for young people, parents educated their children to make them resist temptation, and these had to lie and sneak this by up to 68, and perhaps now the parents, who have lived that time, have understood that sex is a natural thing, and that should not be suppressed, and this has greatly improved relations with their children, making them more spontaneous and sincere.<br />
Also feeling the guys, once they were concerned, they felt guilty for having transgressed on sex, but now at most are worried if they can not have relationships.<br />
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<b>The redistribution of power</b><br />
Today's children, arrived at a certain point of growth, demand more power, they want a by parents, and these little 'of power are less touchy of a time, and there is also a greater lack of respect towards them.<br />
The children of today do not have much left to contest, because the rules are democratic, they ask for is just a little 'more than autonomy, which is usually granted and seen as legitimate thing as a fact of skills development and the son's abilities.<br />
Parents of preteens han little time to devote to their children, for what they want autonomous, and have taught that the authority depends on the skills and ability to understand.<br />
So parents also tend to defend the boys if they go against the teachers if they lack of respect because considered less competent, and when the boys reach pre-adolescence, parents are willing to give more autonomy, to share power with them, and they are happy, they see it as an act of growth, and so also repeal laws which are become inadequate.<br />
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<b>The risks of hunger friends</b><br />
The preteens feel the urgent need to have friends, and a desire to socialize even exceeds that of sex and to fight for more power.<br />
Parents doing well this need, and indeed, they have raised them to make them of the good elements of society, independent from them and dependent social group.<br />
Parents are not, however, agree on businesses that the group does, they fear that the emotional dependency from friends becomes a value-addiction that affects their child in the growth, and the main conflict between children and parents is that of how and how much socialization , what kind of control, at what times and to carry out such activities.<br />
The boys are not happy with the time allowed for friends and more and more often claim the right to the outputs, especially in the evening, that is regarded as the greatest transgression, being able to be late when the other children of parents slaves are already in bed.<br />
But also the family takes a lot at night, to have his son in house soon, for fear of dangers, and this creates many conflicts between the parties, which often result in punishment and house arrest.<br />
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<b>The punishments</b><br />
Today's sanctions appear monotonous, do not seem made to measure, are short, clumsy and administered without conviction.<br />
Punishments are always kind of privative (outputs or pastimes) and parents seem to feel uncomfortable when they speak as if they perceived it as a failure of the educational system.<br />
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<b>Scolded</b><br />
Parents often use verbal reprimands loud, screaming.<br />
The official goal is to be heard, and the tone and volume of voice they understand the gravity of the thing.<br />
Contrary to what seems, scream serves to foster dialogue, it is a monologue that precedes a duet.<br />
The parent who gets the apology and remorse, usually manages to get the ultimate goal of scolding: the promise that transgression will no longer be committed.<br />
The guilt that cause pain to the son born by the affection, and the parent does play on this for their own purposes, and then the child does not obey through fear or submission, but for love.<br />
Shame can be aroused if the child perceives that the transgression has disappointed the expectations of the parent, and nowadays it is easier to awaken in young people, the more the shame of guilt, and from this it comes cmq before.<br />
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<b>Understand</b><br />
The child must understand the parents' point of view, and understand that when they scream, this is not scripted, but that the feelings that are put into play are true, and that the parent who scolds is a parent who is suffering, and that it needs to be reassured.<br />
The parents, however, educating the children so they have to pay a considerable price, because they reach an educational results but unethical.<br />
The kids today are no longer afraid of the strength and determination of the parents, and no longer feel crushed by their skill, seem quite terrified by the weakness of the father and the sadness and loneliness of the mother.<br />
The main problem of this generation of teenagers is to identification with a very pale or absent father and the mother's grief, and this creates the narcissistic fragility of children who come from a childhood where they were invested with a lot of expectations and functions, and where it has always been said "you have to understand", convincing them to be able to do things that really do not know.<br />
The opposite happened in the past, it was said to the children "you do not understand, but to obey", and these when they grow up and understand disobeyed.<br />
The narcissism of adolescents today derives from the fact that parents have very adultizzati and embellished them in terms of their value and their importance, and this as a result of rules made vague and lacking in values, only made to maintain the 'harmony in the family.<br />
The family then started to create custom rules for its interior, devoid of history and values of the sacred rules without cultural profile but very practical and useful to the peaceful internal coexistence, and some children remain in the home even after 30 years of life.<br />
According to sociologists, the amoral familism is when the family is in the center and everything else is on the outskirts, a family that does not build more citizens, religious, soldiers or young people who are committed to change the history of the country.<br />
They have so guys without rules, without a father, adored by a mother too fragile or important to be disappointed, depressed teenagers with parents in difficulty, because adolescence arrived, on the basis of "you have to understand," nothing works any more and rather, they are teenagers themselves to mock parents with behaviors that seem to say: "and now you try to figure it out."<br />
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Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-89563728506066089452017-02-03T14:34:00.001-08:002017-02-03T14:53:41.469-08:00Parenting and teenage children (4/5): The perspective of teachersTeachers in middle school he found the students changed compared to the past.<br />
The boys are more violent and aggressive, rather they seem to always be in the spotlight, and they seem to know nothing of the rules of conduct that a student must follow.<br />
This is not liars or rebels, as before, but the unruly boys.<br />
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<b>Morphology of unruly behavior</b><br />
Today han difficulty guys to keep silence, to remain attentive in class, listening to their classmates and to respect the needs, in short, they are not inclined to listen to the next.<br />
The need to emerge and to be always in the spotlight can lead to a climate of hostility in the classroom.<br />
In the relationship with the teachers instead, there is a certain lack of recognition of the distances and the asymmetry of roles, the boys struggle to make of her, are spoiled, they seem not to show fear of the authorities, to give too many confidences.<br />
Also missing the culture for common objects, you get to vandalism, there is too much lightness, superficiality.<br />
so it seems that the concept of standards has not been internalized by the children, and this would explain the fact that kids do not notice yourself when transgress, also the boys are accustomed to bargain the rules at home, they think they can do well in school.<br />
The behavior of pupils, also varies according to the teachers, and that shows that compliance is based on the type of agreement established with the individual person rather than on a universe of values.<br />
So it seems that the rules can be accepted here, to find an agreement and a quiet life, and teachers see this as a negative.<br />
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<b>The causes of recklessness</b><br />
The teachers attribute the unruly behavior to 4 factors: the spread of the new educational model, the organization of the school, the particular age of the kids, and the peer group.<br />
Teachers denounce the lack of cooperation of parents who tend to download the school the task of giving the children the rules, and it seems that the teachers do not go well the method of education of the parents, is that of negotiation, is that of too rigid rules that do not they are discussed and reasoned.<br />
Teachers complain that the adult has lost the authority of the past, and instead have used it the same age and peer group, and also complain about the tendency of parents to educate his son for himself, and not for the stranger, so that they give the not too bothered.<br />
Lack the moral rules and those prevailing pragmatic, is referred to go early to bed, set the table, and not of ideals such as honesty, sense of duty, honesty, etc ... and do not talk about studying, but to do well in school.<br />
Parents sometimes also tend to justify the children and harshly criticizing the teachers, because they reflect too much in their creatures, emphasizing the presence of a strong narcissistic investment, and seeing the error of his son as a projection of their error, then straining to deny the error of his son.<br />
Teachers also complain that the boys live in a small family and small, not as a time with so many brothers, uncles and relatives.<br />
Teachers also complain of the fact that the school does not provide them the tools to fix the situation, also it appears to be a lack of cohesion and organization among teachers, maybe a different appreciation of the students' behavior.<br />
Teachers also recognize that boys are especially age, a little 'turbulent and change, where prevail impulses and you are too focused on themselves than on others, and you have the tendency to want to show their superiority.<br />
The teachers also point to the important role of the peer group, where just a negative leader to influence the whole class, or even the fact that a socio / cultural disadvantage (at-risk neighborhoods where there are boys) can be detrimental.<br />
There is also a complaint with regard to the information, it seems that today's kids learn more by television and computers.<br />
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The teachers seem to understand that cmq punish and just not needed and you feel so helpless because they do not have the means to intervene, but their purpose remains cmq to make the boys more autonomous decisions, more determined, more responsible and conscious to the rules fundamentals of civil society.<br />
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<br />Oggi è un altro posthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16744962841594636079noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8958136293561300940.post-78771008936947055882017-02-03T14:30:00.002-08:002017-02-03T14:52:26.712-08:00Parenting and teenage children (3/5): The prospect of childrenThe transgression is a universal characteristic of adolescence, an age when the relationship with the educational and social rules is reviewed and, usually, questioned.<br />
All this helps to facilitate the process of separation and individuation from parents, becoming a constituent part of the growth process.<br />
There are attitudes transgressive phase specific and attitudes that may result in delinquent real.<br />
If you psychologizes too the transgressive adolescent behavior, it runs the risk, however, of not knowing how to punish the seriousness of the transgression, disappointing expectations of the same teenager who unconsciously asking to be punished with a firm answer that reassures you that if you go beyond the limits, there is someone ready to stop him.<br />
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<b>The values of the boys</b><br />
The main values of today's young people belong to 4 areas: individual life, evasion, group life, personal commitment.<br />
The boys say they have need of personal relationships, both within the family and outside it, in the social family, or group of friends, and what they need is solidarity and loyalty.<br />
The group and the relationship then become priority over the individual, who denies any form of individualism, young people have the constant desire to communicate, as evidenced by the many activities that take place on the Internet and with new technologies.<br />
Today's youth are cmq in crisis, are encouraged by the difficulties of the company not to leave their homes, and their future is not clear, they have a parent group but little individuality.<br />
It seems that the guys showing how important values, values such as democracy, solidarity, freedom, which are intended as personal rights to redress and not as collective achievements.<br />
Young people describe very different, they do not find common passions, but outwardly instead, you will see all similar.<br />
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<b>The boys and rules</b><br />
The eye of the children, the parents act in a united and democratic Europe in enforcing the rules, and there's a big difference from the 60's, when there was the figure of the head of the family who was the absolute repository of standards, while his mother it was the bestower of suffering.<br />
Some guys are happy with the fact that the rules are established together with them, while in families where young people are excluded from decisions, creating disagreements.<br />
In addition, when the father is not there, it is the mother who takes the reins, and that is often perceived as more severe and authoritarian, and on the other hand, the father is seen more empathetic and attentive to the needs of the child, cmq and in general, there are more affective relational methods of the past.<br />
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When parents respect the rules of society, they are consistent with what we preach, when it does not, however, the children perceive and evaluate this thing hurt their work.<br />
Another thing that can create an inner conflict in children, is the inconsistency between the behavior of parents, for example when the mother says no, and the father tells you.<br />
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The trend of young people is to say that if there is a rule, there is a reason, the rule for them must therefore have a particular function.<br />
For most guys the rule is essential to maintain balance in the house and avoid conflicts, and some children perceive the rule as synonymous with value, which will allow them one day to live in society.<br />
Some even think that if all parents impose strict rules, the company would be better, and that if there were a world without rules, there would be chaos.<br />
Some boys also perceive in the rule, a sort of demonstration of affection and protection from their parents.<br />
Despite these admissions, the boys also recognize that it is difficult to submit to the rules, and then every so often they rebel, and to reduce these rebellions rules are thick agreed with the negotiation, where for example if we respect one rule you can get out more or They are less controlled by parents.<br />
For some kids the rules are important to follow because they are associated to the figure of the parents, who are seen as a model to follow, and in this case it is hardly disputed, out of respect for their parents, and some think they repay the sacrifices made by parents, with respect for the rules.<br />
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While the rule can be perceived as something educational and something that serves the quiet life of the family, the other can be perceived as an unjust deprivation, and especially when it comes to rules on the outputs, the boys get angry easily, or even when they feel that their personal expression is prevented (by limiting opportunities for fun).<br />
Parental rules are seen as unjust when they are perceived as arbitrarily imposed from above, without the possibility of bargaining.<br />
The young pre-teens feel the need to start to discover the world on their own feet, they have to have autonomy, and this shift away from family is lived through the break with the parents, who are perceived to be too overwhelming.<br />
However this is a required step, to be with a peer group serves the adolescent to have a clearer perception of themselves.<br />
Today's standards are not cmq non-existent, only that are less restrictive and can also be criticized harshly by young people, unlike years ago when there was no possibility of objections.<br />
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<b>Punishments</b><br />
The boys report that they receive a lot of punishment by parents, and especially are rare heavy punishment, especially corporal, which are virtually extinct.<br />
The lack of punishment, however, can be a problem because the boys may tend to conflict with the rules, if no one checks.<br />
The most popular are the punishments of the outputs decreases and deprivation of leisure items.<br />
The punishment that seems more hurt is the one where the consideration is subtracted and the family trust, is the punishment of emotional and sentimental.<br />
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<b>Offenders</b><br />
The three occasions by parents transgressions (as boys) are: the transgression of output times and return home, the behavior that they have at home to parents and brothers (disobedience, disrespect , pranks) and poor school performance.<br />
It seems that kids understand that their parents are not cmq very strongly about the ethical values, the rule of God, the ideals shared socially, but that the real conflict is playing in the Membership Rule, the use of time that adults would it was more for them than for outside friends to the family.<br />
It seems that kids are able to identify with what they feel the parents, that there are pragmatic rules, respect for love, where the son is able to empathize with the anguish of the mother who suffers when he is delaying the return home.<br />
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This is referred to unruly boys in that they obey the rules not so much in the name of important ethical values, but mainly in order to maintain the relationship with the family.<br />
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